Blood viscosity and risk of cardiovascular events: the Edinburgh Artery Study

Lowe, G. D. O.; Lee, A. J.; Rumley, Ann; Price, Jackie F.; Fowkes, F. Gerry R.

doi:10.1046/j.1365-2141.1997.8532481.x

Cited by 476 publications

(353 citation statements)

References 25 publications

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“…In contrast, the subset of SLE patients with arterial thrombotic events did have significantly elevated WBV. This is in concordance with population studies, which suggest that high blood viscosity is associated with arterial events such as cardiovascular and cerebrovascular disease (11)(12)(13). It is possible that WBV is a nontraditional risk factor linked to atherothrombotic disease in SLE.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 89%

“…Because multiple traditional cardiovascular risk factors such as age, male sex, obesity, hypertension, diabetes, and smoking are all associated with increased viscosity, the correlation between viscosity and atherothrombotic events decreases after adjustment for these risk factors (9,14). However, there may be an additional, independent increase in risk for such events associated with high blood viscosity itself (12,13,15).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Whole blood viscosity and arterial thrombotic events in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus

Booth¹,

Chohan²,

Curran³

et al. 2007

Arthritis & Rheumatism

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Objective. To determine if whole blood viscosity (WBV), a rheologic variable contributing to risk of myocardial infarction and stroke in the general population, is elevated in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), particularly SLE patients with a history of thrombotic or atherothrombotic events. Because the high rates of arterial and venous thrombosis in lupus cannot be explained by traditional risk factors, elevated WBV may be an easily measurable nontraditional risk factor to identify SLE patients at high risk for thrombotic events. Methods. Sixty SLE patients (30 with a history of a thrombotic event) and 20 matched controls were recruited into the study. The thrombosis group was further subdivided into an arterial thrombosis group (n ‫؍‬ 17). WBV values were determined at 9 different shear rates (1, 2, 5, 10, 50, 100, 150, 300, and 1,000 seconds ؊1 ). WBV was then compared between groups by repeated-measures analysis of variance. Results. SLE patients with a history of arterial events had significantly elevated WBV relative to either controls (P ‫؍‬ 0.022) or SLE patients without arterial events (P ‫؍‬ 0.014). WBV in the total SLE group did not differ from controls. Differences in WBV were most prominent at lower shear rates (1, 2, 5, 10, 50, and 100 seconds ؊1 ). Anticoagulation, prednisone dose, and antiphospholipid antibodies did not significantly impact WBV. Conclusion. Our study demonstrated that WBV is selectively elevated in patients with SLE with a history of arterial events. Although this association is striking, longitudinal studies are needed to assess the positive predictive value of WBV for atherothrombotic events in SLE.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 89%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Whole blood viscosity and arterial thrombotic events in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus

Booth¹,

Chohan²,

Curran³

et al. 2007

Arthritis & Rheumatism

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“…Fifty-five percent (55%) of major cardiovascular events occurred in the highest blood-viscosity group versus only 4% in the lowest blood-viscosity group. 39 The role of increased blood viscosity in the pathogenesis of occlusive arterial disease was clearly and succinctly described by Kensey. 15 Endothelial dysfunction, mechanical shear forces, and alterations in blood flow mechanics at arterial bifurcations and areas of low blood flow eddies are correlated with plaque progression in the coronary vasculature.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Earthing (Grounding) the Human Body Reduces Blood Viscosity—a Major Factor in Cardiovascular Disease

Chevalier

Sinatra²,

Oschman³

et al. 2013

The Journal of Alternative and Complementary Medicine

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Objectives: Emerging research is revealing that direct physical contact of the human body with the surface of the earth (grounding or earthing) has intriguing effects on human physiology and health, including beneficial effects on various cardiovascular risk factors. This study examined effects of 2 hours of grounding on the electrical charge (zeta potential) on red blood cells (RBCs) and the effects on the extent of RBC clumping. Design/interventions: Subjects were grounded with conductive patches on the soles of their feet and palms of their hands. Wires connected the patches to a stainless-steel rod inserted in the earth outdoors. Small fingertip pinprick blood samples were placed on microscope slides and an electric field was applied to them. Electrophoretic mobility of the RBCs was determined by measuring terminal velocities of the cells in video recordings taken through a microscope. RBC aggregation was measured by counting the numbers of clustered cells in each sample. Settings/location: Each subject sat in a comfortable reclining chair in a soundproof experiment room with the lights dimmed or off. Subjects: Ten (10) healthy adult subjects were recruited by word-of-mouth. Results: Earthing or grounding increased zeta potentials in all samples by an average of 2.70 and significantly reduced RBC aggregation. Conclusions: Grounding increases the surface charge on RBCs and thereby reduces blood viscosity and clumping. Grounding appears to be one of the simplest and yet most profound interventions for helping reduce cardiovascular risk and cardiovascular events.''Erythrocytes have a strong net negative charge called the zeta potential produced by the scialoglycoprotein coat such that approximately 18 nm is the shortest span between two cells.'' -Wintrobe's Clinical Hematology 1

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“…Similar findings were also recently reported from the Edinburgh Artery Study cohort of men and women aged 55 to 74 years. 8 To date, several prospective studies have convincingly documented an association between fibrinogen and CHD. 5 In some of these analyses, an association with stroke (Gothenburg Study, Framingham Study 8 ) was also reported.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Plasma viscosity, as well as fibrinogen and white blood cell count, was positively associated with the incidence of CHD events in a population-based study of middle-aged men. 6,7 Plasma viscosity and fibrinogen were also associated with incident CHD and stroke in a study of older men and women 8 and with recurrence of stroke in another study. 9 In the first cross-sectional study of the MONICA Project, Augsburg, 1984 to 1985, plasma viscosity but not fibrinogen was measured in addition to conventional risk factors.…”

mentioning

confidence: 97%

Plasma Viscosity and the Risk of Coronary Heart Disease

Köenig

Sund²,

Filipiak³

et al. 1998

ATVB

135

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Abstract-Plasma viscosity is determined by various macromolecules, eg, fibrinogen, immunoglobulins, and lipoproteins.It may therefore reflect several aspects involved in cardiovascular diseases, including the effects of classic risk factors, hemostatic disturbances, and inflammation. We examined the association of plasma viscosity with the incidence of a first major coronary heart disease event (CHD; fatal and nonfatal myocardial infarction and cardiac death; nϭ50) in 933 men aged 45 to 64 years of the MONICA project of Augsburg, Germany. The incidence rate was 7.23 per 1000 person-years (95% confidence interval [CI], 5.37 to 9.53), and the subjects were followed up for 8 years. All suspected cases of an incident CHD event were classified according to the MONICA protocol. There was a positive and statistically significant unadjusted relationship between plasma viscosity and the incidence of CHD. The relative risk of CHD events associated with a 1-SD increase in plasma viscosity (0.070 mPa ⅐ s) was 1. Key Words: viscosity Ⅲ plasma Ⅲ coronary heart disease Ⅲ incidence Ⅲ prospective studies P ositive associations of various factors, like smoking, blood pressure, and cholesterol, with the incidence of CHD are well established. However, high-risk patients identified by hypertension, smoking, and elevated cholesterol accounted for only 32% of all future MIs in one study. 1 Furthermore, event rates vary considerably across countries, a fact that cannot be explained by differences in conventional risk factors.2,3 Plasma viscosity, a major determinant of blood flow in the microcirculation, may be one explanation of such a difference. 4 Thus, other factors might contribute to the pathogenesis of CHD. Evidence from prospective studies has implicated fibrinogen as a major independent cardiovascular risk factor. 5Only three prospective studies are available wherein plasma viscosity (which is determined to some extent by fibrinogen) was measured along with other risk-related parameters. Plasma viscosity, as well as fibrinogen and white blood cell count, was positively associated with the incidence of CHD events in a population-based study of middle-aged men.6,7 Plasma viscosity and fibrinogen were also associated with incident CHD and stroke in a study of older men and women 8 and with recurrence of stroke in another study. 9In the first cross-sectional study of the MONICA Project, Augsburg, 1984 to 1985, plasma viscosity but not fibrinogen was measured in addition to conventional risk factors. This report assesses the prognostic impact of plasma viscosity for a first major incident CHD event in 45-to 64-year-old German men.

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Blood viscosity and risk of cardiovascular events: the Edinburgh Artery Study

Cited by 476 publications

References 25 publications

Whole blood viscosity and arterial thrombotic events in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus

Whole blood viscosity and arterial thrombotic events in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus

Earthing (Grounding) the Human Body Reduces Blood Viscosity—a Major Factor in Cardiovascular Disease

Plasma Viscosity and the Risk of Coronary Heart Disease

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