Blowfly strike: biology, epidemiology and control

Wall, Richard; Lovatt, Fiona

doi:10.1136/inp.h1434

Cited by 16 publications

(9 citation statements)

References 22 publications

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“…Cutaneous myiasis in the absence of skin lesions has been reported in sheep and other farm animals and described as “fly strike” (Wall & Lovatt, 2015). This myiasis is caused by species of the family Calliphoridae and involves relevant economic losses in ovine farms in British Isles, southern Africa and Australia (Morris & Titchener, 1997).…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Cutaneous myiasis in cats and dogs: Cases, predisposing conditions and risk factors

Pezzi

Scapoli

Chicca

et al. 2020

Veterinary Medicine & Sci

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Two cases of cutaneous myiasis diagnosed in 2018 in Emilia‐Romagna region (northern Italy) were reported. The first one, described in a domestic cat Felis silvestris catus L. (Carnivora: Felidae) and caused by Calliphora vicina Robineau‐Desvoidy (Diptera: Calliphoridae), was the first one of this type ever reported in Italy in cats. The second one was described in a domestic dog Canis lupus familiaris L. (Carnivora: Canidae) and caused by Lucilia sericata (Meigen) (Diptera: Calliphoridae) and was unusual because it occurred in absence of lesions. An extensive literature search on cutaneous myiasis in these two domestic animal species was performed in order to draw attention to predisposing conditions and risk factors.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Cutaneous myiasis in cats and dogs: Cases, predisposing conditions and risk factors

Pezzi

Scapoli

Chicca

et al. 2020

Veterinary Medicine & Sci

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“…Over 75 per cent of sheep flocks in the UK have reported incidents of flystrike in any given season, and an incidence of 1.6 per cent of sheep within each flock (French and others 1992, Bisdorff and others 2006). Breech strike is the most common form of flystrike (Wall and Lovatt 2015) and there is evidence that soiling increases the risk of flystrike 8.5‐fold (French and Morgan 1996). French and others (1992) and Bisdorff and others (2006) demonstrated the protective effect of tail docking against flystrike; however, there is also some contrary evidence demonstrating no perceived benefit (Ware and others 2000).…”

Section: Why Is Tail Docking Required?mentioning

confidence: 99%

Considering the 3Rs for castration and tail docking in sheep

Gascoigne¹,

Mouland²,

Lovatt³

2021

In Practice

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Background: Tail docking and castration in lambs are permitted in the UK and are governed by multiple legislations including the Protection of Animals (Anaesthetics) Act (1954), the Veterinary Surgeons Act (1966), the Welfare of Livestock Regulations (1982), the Animal Welfare Act (2006) and the Mutilations (Permitted Procedures)(England) Regulations (2007). However, with political uncertainty and increasing consumer interest in how red meat is produced, the changing global agenda with reference to mutilations will mean that such procedures in the UK are increasingly under the spotlight and may require increasing justification on farm. Notably, the pain caused by these mutilations and their blanket use in regards to sheep production feature on the agenda of several animal welfare charities, including Compassion in World Farming and People for Ethical Treatment of Animals. Aim of the article: With over 10 years since the publication of the Farm Animal Welfare Council's (FAWC) report discussing the implications of these mutilation procedures on the welfare of lambs (FAWC 2008), and the recent publication of the BVA's policy on tail docking and castration (BVA 2020), in this article we will review the debate. Key areas that are considered include the changes in perception of mutilations; the developments in the evidence since the FAWC's publication; the current legislation and how global practices adhere to these rules; the European perspective of mutilations; and how the ‘reduce, refine, replace’ (3Rs) approach can be applied to mutilation discussions when preparing health plans. The arguments surrounding this topic are complex and the ultimate driver for any discussion on farm should be maximising overall animal welfare.

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“…A range of insecticides are available to control blowfly strike and can be used both prophylactically and reactively (Bates, 2004;Bisdorff & Wall, 2008). These include the organophosphate diazinon, the pyrethroids high cis-cypermethrin, alphacypermethrin and deltamethrin and insect growth regulators (IGRs) such as cyromazine and dicyclanil (Wall and Lovatt, 2015). IGRs are specific to arthropods, disrupting larval moulting by interfering with chitin synthesis and cuticle formation.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Sheep blowfly strike: the cost of control in relation to risk

Lihou

Wall

2019

Animal

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Sheep blowfly strike (ovine cutaneous myiasis) is a widespread economic and welfare problem in sheep husbandry in many parts of the world. Strike incidence is determined by a complex interaction of fly abundance, host susceptibility and climate, combined with farmer husbandry and intervention strategies. Sheep farmers adopt a range of approaches to the type and timing of the management used for the control of blowfly strike, the rational basis for which is often not robust. Here a deterministic model, based on existing data relating to fly abundance, seasonal risk and strike incidence, is used to compare the variable costs associated with different strike management strategies. The model shows that not employing prophylactic treatment is the lowest cost strategy only where strike risk is low. In all other circumstances, treating prophylactically incurs lower costs than not doing so, because the deaths associated with strike outweigh the costs of prophylactic 2 treatment. Lamb treatment, in particular, has a substantial effect on strike and cost reduction, since lambs are the most abundant age-class of animals and are at highest risk over the period when fly abundance is greatest. Early season treatment of ewes before shearing is also an important component of the lowest cost strategies, particularly when the blowfly season is extended. While the rational choice of the most appropriate strike management strategy is essential in the context of farm economics, welfare considerations lend added importance to treatment decisions that reduce strike incidence. ImplicationsRational choice of the most appropriate blowfly strike management strategy is essential on lowland sheep farms to reduce variable costs associated with treatment.Strategies which protect ewes at the start of each season and lambs in mid-summer, reduce strike incidence and reduce overall cost. The inclusion of a post-shearing ewe treatment may also be an important component of the lowest cost treatment strategy, particularly when the blowfly season is extended, as is predicted due to changes in climate.

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Blowfly strike: biology, epidemiology and control

Cited by 16 publications

References 22 publications

Cutaneous myiasis in cats and dogs: Cases, predisposing conditions and risk factors

Cutaneous myiasis in cats and dogs: Cases, predisposing conditions and risk factors

Considering the 3Rs for castration and tail docking in sheep

Sheep blowfly strike: the cost of control in relation to risk

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