Blue and Grey Water Footprints of Dairy Farms in Kuwait

Al-Bahouh, Mariam; Osborne, V.R.; Wright, Tom; Dixon, Mike

doi:10.4236/jwarp.2020.127038

Cited by 3 publications

(3 citation statements)

References 44 publications

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“…For all production systems, the means and medians in the dry season were higher than those in the wet season. Al-Bahouh et al [44] observed that water used in washing the milking parlor in confined dairy farms was 58.9 L cow −1 day −1 , ranging from 57.5 in the summer to 60.9 in the winter.…”

Section: Water Consumption-washing Milking Parlormentioning

confidence: 99%

“…As the fifth-largest milk producer globally [6], Brazil saw its livestock production accounting for 11.6% of the total water consumption in 2019 [7]. The Brazilian National Water Agency [7] has projected a risk of economic losses in livestock production amounting to 44.57 billion Brazilian Real by 2035 due to water availability constraints.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Water Performance Indicators and Benchmarks for Dairy Production Systems

Palhares,

Matarim,

de Sousa

et al. 2024

Water

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The aim of the study is to discern benchmarks for the indicators L water cow−1 day−1 and L water kg milk−1 day−1 per type of production system and season. A total of 876 commercial dairy farms underwent comprehensive water consumption monitoring from January 2021 to December 2022. The monitored water consumptions were animal drinking water and water usage for cleaning. Confined systems exhibited the highest average for animal drinking and cleaning, 87.5 L water cow−1 day−1 and 84.4 L water cow−1 day−1, respectively. Semi-confined systems presented the lowest average for animal drinking, 54.4 L water cow−1 day−1. Pasture systems showed the lowest average for cleaning, 45.2 L water cow−1 day−1. The benchmarks proposed in this study can serve as the first references for animal drinking and milking parlor washing consumption for production systems in tropical conditions.

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Section: Water Consumption-washing Milking Parlormentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Water Performance Indicators and Benchmarks for Dairy Production Systems

Palhares,

Matarim,

de Sousa

et al. 2024

Water

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“…The authors of [11][12][13] report on the water total amount used in the milking parlor, which may include water for washing the milking machines, cleaning the udder, milk cooling and other operations. The data on the ranges of manure-bearing wastewater generated in the milking parlour are given for specific conditions and vary greatly.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Monitoring of water amount going to manure removal system from milking parlour

Gordeev

Mironova

Gordeeva

et al. 2021

20th International Scientific Conference Engineering for Rural Development Proceedings

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Under a loose cow housing practice with automated milking installations, the manure removal system receives both manure from the barns and manure-bearing wastewater from the milking parlour. This is a mixture of animal excrement and washing water of frames and partitions in the milking installation and the manure-soiled floors and walls. The purpose of the study was to monitor the amount of washing water actually consumed in the milking parlour and subsequently entering the manure removal system. The monitoring was conducted on a farm in the Leningrad Region with an average dairy herd of 596 cows and three milkings a day in a Parallel 2x20 parlour. Electronic flowmeters were installed in the connection points of the washing equipment to the water supply system. They automatically recorded the water consumption every hour in the internal memory. The area, including the cow passages, was 255 m2 (milking parlour) and 267 m2 (holding area and sanitary zone). The holding area and the milking parlour were washed after each milking using high-pressure equipment. During the monitoring, the daily water consumption in the milking parlour varied from 11.3 to 17.5 m3. The average daily water consumption was 14.4 m3. The main amount of water was used in the milker's pit and averaged 64.6% of the total; 10.6% of the total water was used for washing the floor and walls with high-pressure equipment. The maximum water consumption was observed at the end of each milking, when the holding and milking areas were cleaned. The average amount of consumed water was 24 l cow-1•day-1, i.e. 8 l•cow-1 per milking. The study results are needed for correct dimensioning of manure storage facilities. They can be also used to calculate the moisture content of manure produced and, in case of its further separation, to determine the amount and moisture content of resulting fractions.

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