Blue collars striking the Red Flag: formal and descriptive representation of the working class in the Belgian House of Representatives 1946–2007

Careerists Versus Coal-Miners: Welfare Reforms and the Substantive Representation of Social Groups in the British Labour Party

“…Working-class politicians may be more common in far-right parties, though (see e.g. Wauters 2012) perspective. For one thing, the UK's first-past-the-post voting system is unusual in Europe.…”

“…Working-class people find it increasingly difficult to enter politics. Places as diverse as Belgium, Canada, Germany, Norway, Portugal, the United Kingdom, former Communist countries in Eastern Europe, the U.S. House, subnational parliaments in Catalonia and Scotland, and the supranational European Parliament all exemplify these trends (Best & Cotta, 2000;Borchert, 2003;Evans & Tilley, 2017;Koop & Bittner, 2011;Lamprinakou, Morucci, Campbell, & van Heerde-Hudson, 2017;MacKenzie, 2015;Narud & Valen, 2008;Norris & Levendusky, 1995;Ohmura, Bailer, Meissner, & Selb, 2018;Scarrow, 1997;Shabad & Slomczynski, 2002;Stolz, 2010;Wauters, 2012). Other places, such as Italy after its 1994 realignment, have seen falls in the number of career politicians due to the entry of new parties (Fiers & Secker, 2007).…”

“…Working-class people find it increasingly difficult to enter politics. Places as diverse as Belgium, Canada, Germany, Norway, Portugal, the UK, former Communist countries in Eastern Europe, the US House, sub-national parliaments in Catalonia and Scotland, and the supra-national European Parliament all exemplify these trends (Norris and Levendusky 1995;Scarrow 1997;Best and Cotta 2000;Borchert 2003; Shabad and Slomczynski 2002;Narud and Valen 2008;Stolz 2010;Koop and Bittner 2011;Wauters 2012;MacKenzie 2015;Evans and Tilley 2017;Lamprinakou et al 2017;Ohmura et al 2018). Other places, such as Italy after its 1994 realignment, have seen falls in the number of career politicians due to the entry of new parties (Fiers and Secker 2007).…”

Populism in Europe: An Illiberal Democratic Response to Undemocratic Liberalism (TheGovernment and Opposition/Leonard Schapiro Lecture 2019)

“…One of the few comparative sources draws disproportionately from parties of the first two waves of the post-war far right (Linz et al 2007), so I build here mainly on my own comparative observations as well as on some national studies (e.g. Wauters 2012).…”

Perfect match or missing link? An analysis of the representativeness of trade union representatives inBelgium

“…This also applies to other social groups such as ethnic minorities and blue‐collar workers (e.g. Bird et al ., ; Wauters, ).…”