Blue light generation by frequency doubling in periodically poled lithium niobate channel waveguide

Lim, E. J.; Fejer, M. M.; Byer, Robert L.; Kozlovsky, W. J.

doi:10.1049/el:19890495

Cited by 233 publications

(28 citation statements)

References 3 publications

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“…The strain gradient, however, provides a preferential direction along which the bonds (molecules) tend to align. As mentioned above, a strain gradient acts in a fashion similar to the electric field, and the net result is "poling" of the material, conceptually similar to poling by the electric field in perovskites (LiNbO3) [48] or polymers [49]. It is important that no complete orientation is required -as long as the average projection of the individual dipole on the axis of strain gradient is distinct from zero, a reasonably large macroscopic polarization would result, as indeed the case in liquid crystals and ceramics subject to strain gradients.…”

Section: Alternative Mechanism Of Strain-gradient Induced χ (2)mentioning

confidence: 99%

On the origin of the second-order nonlinearity in strained Si–SiN structures

et al. 2015

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The development of efficient low-loss electro-optic and nonlinear components based on silicon or its related compounds, such as nitrides and oxides, is expected to dramatically enhance silicon photonics by eliminating the need for non-CMOS-compatible materials. While bulk Si is centrosymmetric and thus displays no second-order (χ (2) ) effects, a body of experimental evidence accumulated in the last decade demonstrates that when a strain gradient is present, a significant χ (2) and Pockels coefficient can be observed. In this work we connect a straingradient-induced χ (2) with another strain-gradient-induced phenomenon, the flexoelectric effect. We show that even in the presence of an extremely strong strain gradient, the degree by which a nonpolar material like Si can be altered cannot possibly explain the order of magnitude of observed χ (2) phenomena. At the same time, in a polar material like SiN, each bond has a large nonlinear polarizability, so when the inversion symmetry is broken by a strain gradient, a small (few degrees) re-orientation of bonds can engender χ (2) of the magnitude observed experimentally. It is our view therefore that the origin of the nonlinear and electro-optic effects in strained Si structures lies in not in the Si itself, but in the material providing the strain: the silicon nitride cladding.

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Section: Alternative Mechanism Of Strain-gradient Induced χ (2)mentioning

confidence: 99%

On the origin of the second-order nonlinearity in strained Si–SiN structures

et al. 2015

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“…In one, the domain reversal pattern is formed first, typically by a high temperature process like patterned Ti-indiffusion, then a waveguide is formed, typically by a low temperature process like APE. [Lim (1989b)] In the other. the domain reversal and the waveguide fabrication are accomplished with a single process.…”

Section: Waveguide Fabricationmentioning

confidence: 97%

“…[Lim (1989b)] [Webjom (1989a)] The process for a typical blue light device involves first patterning a 5 nm thick Ti film into a grating with the desired domain period (6 -8 1!111 for third order QPM), then indiffusing the Ti at ttOO°C for 15 min in a closed crucible filled with lithium niobate powder to suppresl. Li out-diffusion, to produce a substrate with periodically reversed domains.…”

Section: Waveguide Fabricationmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…[Lim (1990)] The largest reported output power for quasi-phasematched SHG in lithium niobate waveguides is 4 mW, at a fundamental input power of 115 mW in a 9 mm long device, for a normalized conversion efficiency of 40%/W -cm 2 , [N ada (1991)] typical of the efficiencies reported for third order quasi-phasematched devices in lithium niobate. [Lim (1989b)] The highest efficiency reported for a quasi-phasematched interaction in lithium niobate is fi. )%/W-cm 2 , in a second order device.…”

Section: Waveguide Fabricationmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Nonlinear Frequency Conversion in Periodically-Poled Ferroelectric Waveguides

Fejer

1992

Guided Wave Nonlinear Optics

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ABSTRACT. By patterning the domains in ferroelectric crystals, it is possible to introduce periodic changes in the sign of the nonlinear susceptibility in waveguide frequency conversion devices. Appropriate choice of the spatial frequency of the modulation allows quasi -phasematching of any nonlinear interaction involving radiation in the transparency range of the crystal. Room temperature second harmonic generation of visible radiation and difference frequency generation of infrared radiation have been demonstrated.

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“…Since 1989, when a QPM-based device was reported to have excellent conversion efficiency (2)- (9) , this method has been used widely. QPM is the means for simulatively achieving phase matching between the excitation light and the converted light by forming periodically inverted poles in a ferroelectric crystal having the nonlinear effect such as LiNbO 3 . Using this means, it is possible to efficiently produce desired wavelengths by appropriately setting the period of inverting polarization.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%