Bluetongue Research at a Crossroads: Modern Genomics Tools Can Pave the Way to New Insights

Kopanke, Jennifer; Carpenter, Meredith L.; Lee, Justin; Reed, Kirsten; Rodgers, Case; Burton, Mollie; Lovett, Kierra; Westrich, Joseph A.; McNulty, Erin; McDermott, Emily G.; Barbera, Carly; Cavany, Sean; Rohr, Jason R.; Perkins, T. Alex; Mathiason, Candace K.; Stenglein, Mark D.; Mayo, Christie E.

doi:10.1146/annurev-animal-051721-023724

Cited by 4 publications

(5 citation statements)

References 161 publications

Supporting

Mentioning

Contrasting

Order By: Relevance

“…Unsurprisingly, the segments with the lowest number of genetically distinct clusters (1, 3, 4, 5, 8, and 9) had similar substitution rates (~3.6 × 10 −4 substitutions per site per year), TMRCA (~300 years ago), and all were predicted to be under purifying selection. The substitution rates and selection pressure were consistent with similar reports from Australia, Europe, and Asia [30,35,48,52]. These results support previous findings that the individual segments evolve independently under genetic drift [44].…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 91%

“…In the case of BTV, NGS has enabled investigation into the role that genome segment reassortment, genetic recombination, and genetic drift have played in the evolution of the virus [ 24 , 25 , 27 , 28 , 29 ]. Additionally, this has allowed topotypes of the different genome segments to be identified [ 33 ], allowing for the tracking of the “flow” of different genetic versions of the genome segments in regions of endemicity [ 34 ], and has allowed for the delineation of the global phylogeographic history of the virus [ 35 ]. The analysis of the whole genome of BTV has also in some cases allowed for the identification of the potential unauthorised use of live attenuated BTV vaccines in BTV-non-endemic regions [ 24 , 25 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 1 more Smart Citation

Widespread Reassortment Contributes to Antigenic Shift in Bluetongue Viruses from South Africa

Schalkwyk

Coetzee

Ebersohn

et al. 2023

Viruses

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Bluetongue (BT), a viral disease of ruminants, is endemic throughout South Africa, where outbreaks of different serotypes occur. The predominant serotypes can differ annually due to herd immunity provided by annual vaccinations using a live attenuated vaccine (LAV). This has led to both wild-type and vaccine strains co-circulating in the field, potentially leading to novel viral strains due to reassortment and recombination. Little is known about the molecular evolution of the virus in the field in South Africa. The purpose of this study was to investigate the genetic diversity of field strains of BTV in South Africa and to provide an initial assessment of the evolutionary processes shaping BTV genetic diversity in the field. Complete genomes of 35 field viruses belonging to 11 serotypes, collected from different regions of the country between 2011 and 2017, were sequenced. The sequences were phylogenetically analysed in relation to all the BTV sequences available from GenBank, including the LAVs and reference strains, resulting in the analyses and reassortment detection of 305 BTVs. Phylogenomic analysis indicated a geographical selection of the genome segments, irrespective of the serotype. Based on the initial assessment of the current genomic clades that circulate in South Africa, the selection for specific clades is prevalent in directing genome segment reassortment, which seems to exclude the vaccine strains and in multiple cases involves Segment-2 resulting in antigenic shift.

show abstract

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 91%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Widespread Reassortment Contributes to Antigenic Shift in Bluetongue Viruses from South Africa

Schalkwyk

Coetzee

Ebersohn

et al. 2023

Viruses

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…The proteins encoded by the parental viruses must be able to function together to productively replicate progeny virus (replicative compatibility requirement) [ 28 ]. Finally, after those requirements have been met, progeny reassortants must be able to compete with the parental genotypes (fitness requirement) [ 29 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Evaluating Temperature Effects on Bluetongue Virus Serotype 10 and 17 Coinfection in Culicoides sonorensis

Carpenter,

Kopanke,

Lee

et al. 2024

IJMS

Self Cite

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Bluetongue virus (BTV) is a segmented, double-stranded RNA virus transmitted by Culicoides midges that infects ruminants. As global temperatures increase and geographical ranges of midges expand, there is increased potential for BTV outbreaks from incursions of novel serotypes into endemic regions. However, an understanding of the effect of temperature on reassortment is lacking. The objectives of this study were to compare how temperature affected Culicoides survival, virogenesis, and reassortment in Culicoides sonorensis coinfected with two BTV serotypes. Midges were fed blood meals containing BTV-10, BTV-17, or BTV serotype 10 and 17 and maintained at 20 °C, 25 °C, or 30 °C. Midge survival was assessed, and pools of midges were collected every other day to evaluate virogenesis of BTV via qRT-PCR. Additional pools of coinfected midges were collected for BTV plaque isolation. The genotypes of plaques were determined using next-generation sequencing. Warmer temperatures impacted traits related to vector competence in offsetting ways: BTV replicated faster in midges at warmer temperatures, but midges did not survive as long. Overall, plaques with BTV-17 genotype dominated, but BTV-10 was detected in some plaques, suggesting parental strain fitness may play a role in reassortment outcomes. Temperature adds an important dimension to host–pathogen interactions with implications for transmission and evolution.

show abstract

“…The proteins encoded by the parental viruses must be able to function together to replicate (replicative compatibility requirement). After those requirements have been met, the reassorted progeny virus must be able to compete with the parental virus (viral fitness requirement) [ 10 ]. A component of viral fitness is how well a virus can replicate and produce virus, known as virogenesis [ 11 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Assessing Reassortment between Bluetongue Virus Serotypes 10 and 17 at Different Coinfection Ratios in Culicoides sonorenesis

Carpenter,

Kopanke,

Lee

et al. 2024

Viruses

Self Cite

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Bluetongue virus (BTV) is a segmented, double-stranded RNA orbivirus listed by the World Organization for Animal Health and transmitted by Culicoides biting midges. Segmented viruses can reassort, which facilitates rapid and important genotypic changes. Our study evaluated reassortment in Culicoides sonorensis midges coinfected with different ratios of BTV-10 and BTV-17. Midges were fed blood containing BTV-10, BTV-17, or a combination of both serotypes at 90:10, 75:25, 50:50, 25:75, or 10:90 ratios. Midges were collected every other day and tested for infection using pan BTV and cox1 (housekeeping gene) qRT-PCR. A curve was fit to the ∆Ct values (pan BTV Ct—cox1 Ct) for each experimental group. On day 10, the midges were processed for BTV plaque isolation. Genotypes of the plaques were determined by next-generation sequencing. Pairwise comparison of ∆Ct curves demonstrated no differences in viral RNA levels between coinfected treatment groups. Plaque genotyping indicated that most plaques fully aligned with one of the parental strains; however, reassortants were detected, and in the 75:25 pool, most plaques were reassortant. Reassortant prevalence may be maximized upon the occurrence of reassortant genotypes that can outcompete the parental genotypes. BTV reassortment and resulting biological consequences are important elements to understanding orbivirus emergence and evolution.

show abstract

Bluetongue Research at a Crossroads: Modern Genomics Tools Can Pave the Way to New Insights

Cited by 4 publications

References 161 publications

Widespread Reassortment Contributes to Antigenic Shift in Bluetongue Viruses from South Africa

Widespread Reassortment Contributes to Antigenic Shift in Bluetongue Viruses from South Africa

Evaluating Temperature Effects on Bluetongue Virus Serotype 10 and 17 Coinfection in Culicoides sonorensis

Assessing Reassortment between Bluetongue Virus Serotypes 10 and 17 at Different Coinfection Ratios in Culicoides sonorenesis

Contact Info

Product

Resources

About