Bluetongue Serotype 3 in Israel 2013–2018: Clinical Manifestations of the Disease and Molecular Characterization of Israeli Strains

Golender, Natalia; Bumbarov, Velizar; Eldar, Avi; Lorusso, Alessio; Kenigswald, Gabriel; Varsano, Joseph Seffi; David, Dan; Schainin, Shani; Dagoni, I.; Gur, Iosef; Kaplan, Alon; Gorohov, Anna; Koren, Ori; Oron, Eldad; Khinich, Yevgeny; Sclamovich, Ily; Meir, Abraham; Savini, Giovanni

doi:10.3389/fvets.2020.00112

Cited by 10 publications

(24 citation statements)

References 49 publications

(63 reference statements)

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“…Of these, 1005 were found positive by BTV RT-qPCR. Of the 603 samples collected in 2015, 143 were found positive for BTV, 228 of the 669 collected in 2016, 168 of the 744 collected in 2017, 271 of the 1022 collected in 2018 [ 23 ], and 195 of the 959 collected in 2019.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Screening of positive BTV samples (Ct value of ≤33) for BTV-8 Seg-2began in 2018. No BTV-8 were identified by this method during this year [ 23 ]. Nevertheless, the brain of one newborn sheep exhibiting neural signs was positive in RT-qPCR and sequencing analyses of Seg-5, indicating its probable belonging to a BTV-8 serotype.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Recently, samples identified as positive by pan-BTV RT-qPCR, were tested by an in-house specific RT-qPCR for BTV-4, -8, and -15 according to the method described by Maan et al [ 30 ]. BTV isolates were tested by in house conventional RT-PCR for BTV-1, and -9 ( Table S1 ), and BTV-2, -5, -6, -12, -16, and -24, as was previously described [ 23 ].…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…From 1964 to 2004, five serotypes (BTV-2 -4, -6, -10, and -16) were detected in circulation [ 21 ]. From 2006 to present, 12 serotypes (BTV-1, -2, -3, -4, -5, -6, -8, -9, -12, -15, -16, and -24) have been identified in field samples of sick ruminants [ 22 , 23 , 24 ]. Additionally, two novel serotypes were isolated and identified from commercial sheep pox vaccine [ 25 , 26 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…During October–December 2015, nine BTV-8 strains were isolated from samples collected from symptomatic animals in two cattle, four sheep, and one goat farms. During the following year, the first outbreak was registered in June 2016 in a sheep farm in northern Israel, further spreading throughout the country among local ruminant population (eleven sheep and fourteen cattle farms); thus, being the dominant BTV serotype that year [ 23 ]. Additionally, BTV-8 was isolated from two sheep farms in the West Bank, which exhibited high morbidity and mortality.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Genomic Analysis Illustrated a Single Introduction and Evolution of Israeli Bluetongue Serotype 8 Virus Population 2008–2019

Golender

Eldar²,

Ehrlich

et al. 2021

Microorganisms

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Outbreaks of the European Bluetongue virus (BTV) serotype 8 (BTV-8), which are characterized by activity cycles separated by years of inactivity, may be influenced by genetic changes of the virus or by herd immunity. BTV activity in Israel is characterized by similar dynamics, but differs from European countries in its vector population, environmental conditions, and lack of cattle vaccination against this serotype. Comparison of these two geographical systems and characterization of their epidemiological connection is therefore of high interest in-order to better understand the factors influencing BTV-8 evolution. BTV-8, closely related to the European strain, was introduced to Israel in 2008. It was at the center of BT outbreaks in 2010 and 2015–2016 and thereafter was lastly isolated in Israel in 2019. We performed genetic analyses of twelve BTV-8 Israeli strains isolated between 2008 and 2019 and compared them with published sequences of BTV-8 isolated in other countries. The analysis revealed a single introduction of BTV-8 into Israel and thereafter extensive occurrence of genomic drifts and multiple reassortments with local BTV strains. Comparison of the Israeli and Cypriot BTV-8 from 2015 to 2016 suggests transmission of the virus between the two countries and a separate and parallel development from European or other Israeli BTV-8 strains. The parallel development of other BTV-8 strains was demonstrated by the identification of the Israeli BTV-8 ISR-1194/1/19 strain, which exhibited common origin with reassorted Israeli BTV-8 strains from 2010 and additional reassortment of seven segments. In order to reveal the source of BTV-8 introduction into Israel we performed BEAST analysis which showed that a probable common ancestor for both European and Israeli BTV-8 presumably existed in 2003–2004. In 2019, a possible new introduction occurred in Israel, where a novel BTV-8 strain was detected, sharing ~95% identity by segments 2 and 6 with Nigerian BTV-8NIG1982/07 and European–Middle Eastern strains. The results of the study indicate that Israel and neighboring countries consist a separate environmental and evolutionary system, distinct from European ones.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 3 more Smart Citations

Genomic Analysis Illustrated a Single Introduction and Evolution of Israeli Bluetongue Serotype 8 Virus Population 2008–2019

Golender

Eldar²,

Ehrlich

et al. 2021

Microorganisms

Self Cite

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Quantitative risk assessment for the introduction of bluetongue virus into mainland Europe by long‐distance wind dispersal of Culicoides spp.: A case study from Sardinia

Bibard,

Martinetti,

Giraud

et al. 2024

Risk Analysis

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Europe faces regular introductions and reintroductions of bluetongue virus (BTV) serotypes, most recently exemplified by the incursion of serotype 3 in the Netherlands. Although the long‐distance wind dispersal of the disease vector, Culicoides spp., is recognized as a virus introduction pathway, it remains understudied in risk assessments. A Quantitative Risk Assessment framework was developed to estimate the risk of BTV‐3 incursion into mainland Europe from Sardinia, where the virus has been present since 2018. We used an atmospheric transport model (HYbrid Single‐Particle Lagrangian Integrated Trajectory) to infer the probability of airborne dispersion of the insect vector. Epidemiological disease parameters quantified the virus prevalence in vector population in Sardinia and its potential first transmission after introduction in a new area. When assuming a 24h maximal flight duration, the risk of BTV introduction from Sardinia is limited to the Mediterranean Basin, mainly affecting the southwestern area of the Italian Peninsula, Sicily, Malta, and Corsica. The risk extends to the northern and central parts of Italy, Balearic archipelago, and mainland France and Spain, mostly when maximal flight duration is longer than 24h. Additional knowledge on vector flight conditions and Obsoletus complex‐specific parameters could improve the robustness of the model. Providing both spatial and temporal insights into BTV introduction risks, our framework is a key tool to guide global surveillance and preparedness against epizootics.

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Potential mechanisms underlying bluetongue virus emergence and spread

Thabet,

Lajnef

2024

Front. Virol.

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Bluetongue is a non-zoonotic arboviral disease transmitted by biting midges of the genus Culicoides. Among 1,347 Culicoides species, 30 are known to be vectors of the disease. Bluetongue affects domestic and wild ruminants across all continents, except the Antarctica, causing growing economic losses in livestock production and international trade. In this work, we focused on potential mechanisms underlying the bluetongue virus emergence and spread. Of these mechanisms, the emergence of novel serotypes makes vaccination controversial despite its effectiveness, along with the vector’s ability to acquire the virus and successfully transmit it, spatio-temporal adaptation, and identification of new transmission routes. We also discussed the predisposition of the vertebrate and invertebrate hosts to contract the virus, as well as factors hijacking vector population activity and abundance. Indeed, the ecological dynamics of biting midges strongly influence the ability of the virus to be transmitted and to cause epizootic into parts of the world never before affected, helped by interactions between the pathogen and its host in addition to multiple routes deployed to escape defense barriers in the target infected cells. The points raised in this review can help inform aspects of interest for future studies that may elucidate factors to consider in monitoring and controlling the expansion of Culicoides-transmitted arboviruses.

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Bluetongue Serotype 3 in Israel 2013–2018: Clinical Manifestations of the Disease and Molecular Characterization of Israeli Strains

Cited by 10 publications

References 49 publications

Genomic Analysis Illustrated a Single Introduction and Evolution of Israeli Bluetongue Serotype 8 Virus Population 2008–2019

Genomic Analysis Illustrated a Single Introduction and Evolution of Israeli Bluetongue Serotype 8 Virus Population 2008–2019

Quantitative risk assessment for the introduction of bluetongue virus into mainland Europe by long‐distance wind dispersal of Culicoides spp.: A case study from Sardinia

Potential mechanisms underlying bluetongue virus emergence and spread

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