Bluetongue virus serotype 26: Infection kinetics, pathogenesis and possible contact transmission in goats

Batten, Carrie; Henstock, Mark; Steedman, H.M.; Waddington, Simon; Edwards, L.; Oura, C.A.L.

doi:10.1016/j.vetmic.2012.08.014

Cited by 47 publications

(52 citation statements)

References 17 publications

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“…Two new serotypes of BTV (BTV-25 and BTV-26) have recently been identified [11], [24], which exhibit similar infection kinetics, with low levels of viral RNA detected for a short duration and mild clinical signs observed in sheep, and higher levels of viral RNA detected for a longer duration and no clinical signs observed in goats. [12], [13], [24]. Up to now there have been no reports of any BTV strains being transmitted through a direct contact route, however, the wide variations in seroprevalence for antibodies to BTV-25 observed in goat farms located in a similar region of Switzerland pointed to a possibility that BTV-25 was able to be transmitted by direct contact from goat to goat.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Interestingly when 5 goats were experimentally infected with BTV-26, clinical signs of BTV were not observed, however high levels of viral RNA were detected and virus was isolated from the blood. One in-contact uninfected control goat was included in the study and 21 days into the experiment viral RNA was detected and virus was isolated from its blood [13]. These results showed that BTV-26 replicates to high levels in goats, suggesting that goats may be the natural host for this virus.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 93%

“…Interestingly, it has not been possible to isolate BTV-26 in a KC - C. sonorensis embryo cell line [14] which is routinely used to isolate other field strains of BTV [11]–[13]. This indicates that this BTV-26 strain may not be adapted to insect cells and therefore may not be spread through Culicoides vectors.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Evidence for Transmission of Bluetongue Virus Serotype 26 through Direct Contact

et al. 2014

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The aim of this study was to assess the mechanisms of transmission of bluetongue virus serotype 26 (BTV-26) in goats. A previous study, which investigated the pathogenicity and infection kinetics of BTV-26 in goats, unexpectedly revealed that one control goat may have been infected through a direct contact transmission route. To investigate the transmission mechanisms of BTV-26 in more detail an experimental infection study was carried out in which three goats were infected with BTV-26, three goats were kept uninfected, but were housed in direct contact with the infected goats, and an additional four goats were kept in indirect contact separated from infected goats by metal gates. This barrier allowed the goats to have occasional face-to-face contact in the same airspace, but feeding, watering, sampling and environmental cleaning was carried out separately. The three experimentally infected goats did not show clinical signs of BTV, however high levels of viral RNA were detected and virus was isolated from their blood. At 21 dpi viral RNA was detected in, and virus was isolated from the blood of the three direct contact goats, which also seroconverted. The four indirect barrier contact goats remained uninfected throughout the duration of the experiment. In order to assess replication in a laboratory model species of Culicoides biting midge, more than 300 Culicoides sonorensis were fed a BTV-26 spiked blood meal and incubated for 7 days. The dissemination of BTV-26 in individual C. sonorensis was inferred from the quantity of virus RNA and indicated that none of the insects processed at day 7 possessed transmissible infections. This study shows that BTV-26 is easily transmitted through direct contact transmission between goats, and the strain does not seem to replicate in C. sonorensis midges using standard incubation conditions.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 93%

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Evidence for Transmission of Bluetongue Virus Serotype 26 through Direct Contact

et al. 2014

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“…It is possible that individual genes from incursive strains will be wider spread after reassortment with enzootic strains, which may contribute to transmissibility by additional vector species or enhanced virulence. BTV-26 can be transmitted horizontally between goats and grows in mammalian cells but fails to grow in a Culicoides-derived cell line (KC) (Wechsler et al 1989, Batten et al 2013. This may represent an extreme example of the virus's genetic control over vector competence.…”

Section: Knowledge Gaps In Orbivirologymentioning

confidence: 99%

A Review of Knowledge Gaps and Tools for Orbivirus Research

Drolet

Rijn

Howerth

et al. 2015

Vector-Borne and Zoonotic Diseases

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Although recognized as causing emerging and re-emerging disease outbreaks worldwide since the late 1800 s, there has been growing interest in the United States and Europe in recent years in orbiviruses, their insect vectors, and the diseases they cause in domestic livestock and wildlife. This is due, in part, to the emergence of bluetongue (BT) in northern Europe in 2006-2007 resulting in a devastating outbreak, as well as severe BT outbreaks in sheep and epizootic hemorrhagic disease (EHD) outbreaks in deer and cattle in the United States. Of notable concern is the isolation of as many as 10 new BT virus (BTV) serotypes in the United States since 1999 and their associated unknowns, such as route of introduction, virulence to mammals, and indigenous competent vectors. This review, based on a gap analysis workshop composed of international experts on orbiviruses conducted in 2013, gives a global perspective of current basic virological understanding of orbiviruses, with particular attention to BTV and the closely related epizootic hemorrhagic disease virus (EHDV), and identifies a multitude of basic virology research gaps, critical for predicting and preventing outbreaks.

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“…The SNT or VNT has the highest specificity and sensitivity of all the tests, but is also most expensive and time-consuming. Most of the antibodies that neutralize intact BTV particles are specific for VP2 although VP5 can also influence the specificity of the reaction, probably through its interactions with VP2 (Hamblin, 2004;Batten et al, 2008;Batten et al, 2013). Immunofluorescence, immunoperoxidase, and dot immunobinding assays (DIA) have been widely used for BTV antibody detection.…”

Section: Antibody Identificationmentioning

confidence: 99%