Bluetooth Tracking without Discoverability

Hay, Simon I; Harle, Robert

doi:10.1007/978-3-642-01721-6_8

Cited by 49 publications

(24 citation statements)

References 20 publications

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“…All further processing was done in the scanner. In comparison with other studies that did need a connection (Hay & Harle, 2009), the methodology used in this experiment is better suited for mass events where the participation of the tracked individuals should be minimal. Every time a device was detected, its MAC address, COD code, and the timestamp of the detection were registered.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The use of Bluetooth for analysing spatiotemporal dynamics of human movement at mass events: A case study of the Ghent Festivities

et al. 2012

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In this paper, proximity-based Bluetooth tracking is postulated as an efficient and effective methodology for analysing the complex spatiotemporal dynamics of visitor movements at mass events. A case study of the Ghent Festivities event (1.5 million visitors over 10 days) is described in detail and preliminary results are shown to give an indication of the added value of the methodology for stakeholders of the event. By covering 22 locations in the study area with Bluetooth scanners, we were able to extract 152,487 trajectories generated by 80,828 detected visitors. Apart from generating clear statistics such as visitor counts, the share of returning visitors, and visitor flow maps, the analyses also reveal the complex nature of this event by hinting at the existence of several mutually different visitor profiles. We conclude by arguing why Bluetooth tracking offers significant advantages for tracking mass event visitors with respect to other and more prominent technologies, and outline some of its remaining deficiencies. KeywordsBluetooth, tracking, mass event, geographical information technology, geographical information systems IntroductionIn the last few years the representation and analysis of large volumes of trajectory information of objects moving through geographical space has become a major topic of interest in research domains such as geographical information science (Ahlqvist et al., 2010;Shaw, Yu, & Bombom, 2008), computer science (Bogorny, Kuijpers, & Alvares, 2009;Orlando et al., 2007), visual analytics (Andrienko & Andrienko, 2007 and urbanism (Van Schaick & Van der Spek, 2008). This burgeoning academic interest has emerged as a result of the increased feasibility and affordability of collecting detailed data about spatiotemporal phenomena triggered by the widespread adoption of location-aware technologies. Past studies have focused on the movements of various kinds of objects including vehicles (Quiroga & Bullock, 1998), animals (Laube et al., 2007, bank notes (Brockmann, Hufnagel, & Geisel, 2006) and typhoons (Terry & Feng, 2010), but the majority of research has been devoted to human movement in different contexts and at various scales. Some examples are the movement of athletes on a pitch (Laube, Imfeld, & Weibel, 2005), tourists on a regional (Ahas et al., 2008) and local scale (Kemperman, Borgers, & Timmermans, 2009; O'Connor, Zerger, & Itami, 2005;Shoval & Isaacson, 2007a), and customers in a supermarket (Hui, Fader, & Bradlow, 2009). In these contexts, advanced tracking technologies complement more traditional qualitative methods, such as shadowing (Quinlan, 2008) and collecting travel diaries (Axhausen et al., 2002).Within research on human behaviour, particular attention has been devoted to the collective behaviour of crowds at mass events such as street parades, festivals, public assemblies, sporting events, and exhibitions (Batty, Desyllas, & Duxbury, 2003;Helbing, Johansson, & Al-Abideen, 2007;Zeitz et al., 2009). Tragic events such as the recent stampede during the 2010 edi...

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The use of Bluetooth for analysing spatiotemporal dynamics of human movement at mass events: A case study of the Ghent Festivities

et al. 2012

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“…This essentially allows us to have a very low response time without creating a large overhead on the wireless channel. In fact, the response time achieved is much lower than other RF technologies, like Bluetooth devices that have an interval period of about 12 s (Hay and Harle 2009).…”

Section: Journal Of Location Based Services 101mentioning

confidence: 98%

Design and evaluation of a real-time locating system for wireless sensor networks

Chantzis¹,

Chatzigiannakis

Rolim³

2014

Journal of Location Based Services

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Evaluating target-tracking protocols for wireless sensor networks that can localise multiple mobile assets can be a very challenging task. Such protocols usually aim at the minimisation of communication overhead, data processing for the participating nodes and delivering adequate tracking information of the mobile assets in a timely manner. Simulations on such protocols are performed using theoretical models that are based on unrealistic assumptions like the unit disc graph communication model, ideal network localisation and perfect distance estimations. With these assumptions taken for granted, theoretical models claim various performance milestones that cannot be achieved in realistic conditions. In this paper, we design a new localisation protocol, where mobile assets can be tracked passively via software agents. Moreover, we address and mitigate issues that hinder performance over the wireless medium and provide a fully deployable protocol. The design, implementation and experimentation of this new protocol along with further optimisations were performed using the WISEBED framework. We apply our protocol in a real indoor wireless sensor testbed with multiple experimental scenarios to showcase scalability and trade-offs between network properties and configurable protocol parameters. By analysis of the real-world experimental output, we present results that depict a more realistic view of the target tracking problem, regarding power consumption and the quality of tracking information. Finally, we also conduct some much focused simulations to assess the scalability of our protocol in very large networks and multiple mobile assets

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“…It is a widely used concept in navigation software (Chen et al, 2014). The search for more than room-level accuracy might however be irrelevant in many applications (Cheung et al, 2006;Hay and Harle, 2009;Fernandes, 2011). In this research for example, room-level accuracy was sufficient and therefore the proximity principle could be used.…”

Section: Indoor Positioningmentioning

confidence: 99%

Bluetooth tracking of humans in an indoor environment: An application to shopping mall visits

et al. 2017

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Intelligence about the spatio-temporal behaviour of individuals is valuable in many settings. Generating tracking data is a necessity for this analysis and requires an appropriate methodology. In this study, the applicability of Bluetooth tracking in an indoor setting is investigated. A wide variety of applications can benefit from indoor Bluetooth tracking. This paper examines the value of the method in a marketing application. A Belgian shopping mall served as a real-life test setting for the methodology. A total of 56 Bluetooth scanners registered 18.943 unique MAC addresses during a 19-day period. The results indicate that Bluetooth tracking is a sound approach for capturing tracking data, which can be used to map and analyse the spatio-temporal behaviour of individuals. The methodology also provides a more efficient and more accurate way of obtaining a variety of relevant metrics in the field of consumer behaviour research. Bluetooth tracking can be implemented as a new and cost effective practice for marketing research, that provides fast and accurate results and insights. We conclude that Bluetooth tracking is a viable approach, but that certain technological and practical aspects need to be considered when applying Bluetooth tracking in new cases.

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Bluetooth Tracking without Discoverability

Cited by 49 publications

References 20 publications

The use of Bluetooth for analysing spatiotemporal dynamics of human movement at mass events: A case study of the Ghent Festivities

The use of Bluetooth for analysing spatiotemporal dynamics of human movement at mass events: A case study of the Ghent Festivities

Design and evaluation of a real-time locating system for wireless sensor networks

Bluetooth tracking of humans in an indoor environment: An application to shopping mall visits

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