Bmcystatin, a cysteine proteinase inhibitor characterized from the tick Boophilus microplus

Lima, Cássia A.; Sasaki, Sergio D.; Tanaka, Aparecida S.

doi:10.1016/j.bbrc.2006.06.018

Cited by 43 publications

(48 citation statements)

References 40 publications

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“…They have been previously described in the sialotranscriptome of ticks Valenzuela et al, 2002), from where a protein named sialostatin L has been characterized biochemically and shown to specifically inhibit cathepsin L (Kotsyfakis et al, 2006). Cystatins have been also characterized from other organs of both soft and hard ticks (Grunclova et al, 2006;Lima et al, 2006;Zhou et al, 2006). Supplemental file 2 provides for a partial O. parkeri sequence coding for the majority of the mature peptide of a member of the cystatin family.…”

Section: Cystatinmentioning

confidence: 99%

An insight into the sialome of the soft tick, Ornithodorus parkeri

Francischetti¹,

Mans²,

Meng

et al. 2008

Insect Biochemistry and Molecular Biology

106

104

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While hard ticks (Ixodidae) take several days to feed on their hosts, soft ticks (Argasidae) feed faster, usually taking less than one hour per meal. Saliva assists in the feeding process by providing a cocktail of anti-hemostatic, anti-inflammatory and immunomodullatory compounds. Saliva of hard ticks has been shown to contain several families of genes each having multiple members, while those of soft ticks are relatively unexplored.Analysis of the salivary transcriptome of the soft tick Ornithodorus parkeri, the vector of the relapsing fever agent Borrelia parkeri, indicates that gene duplication events have led to a large expansion of the lipocalin family, as well as of several genes containing Kunitz domains indicative of serine protease inhibitors, and several other gene families also found in hard ticks. Novel protein families with sequence homology to insulin growth factor-binding protein (prostacyclin-stimulating factor), adrenomedulin, serum amyloid A protein precursor and similar to HIV envelope protein were also characterized for the first time in the salivary gland of a blood-sucking arthropod.The sialotranscriptome of O. parkeri confirms that gene duplication events are an important driving force in the creation of salivary cocktails of blood-feeding arthropods, as was observed with hard ticks and mosquitoes. Most of the genes coding for expanded families are homologous to those found in hard ticks, indicating a strong common evolutionary path between the two families. As happens to all genera of blood-sucking arthropods, several new proteins were also found, indicating the process of adaptation to blood feeding still continues to recent times.

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Section: Cystatinmentioning

confidence: 99%

An insight into the sialome of the soft tick, Ornithodorus parkeri

Francischetti¹,

Mans²,

Meng

et al. 2008

Insect Biochemistry and Molecular Biology

106

104

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“…Filarial cystatins are important in the balance of the host-parasite immune relationship (Schierack et al, 2003) and cystatins in parsitoids appear to play a role in host physiological deregulation by inhibiting the host proteases (Espagne et al, 2005). Cystatins have only recently been found in ticks (Karim et al, 2005;Kotsyfakis et al, 2006;Lima et al, 2006;Valenzuela et al, 2002;Zhou et al, 2006). Valenzuela et al (2002) first identified cystatin in a salivary gland cDNA library of Ixodes scapularis.…”

Section: Cystatinsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Cystatins have also been shown to function as defense proteins in plants and mammals (Olsson et al, 1999;Turk and Bode, 1991), to have antimicrobial activity against Gram-negative bacteria in the horseshoe crab, Tachypleus tridentatus (Agarwala et al, 1996), and to function as defense proteins against invading pathogens and parasites that use cysteine proteases to enter their host in the silk moth, Bombyx mori (Yamamoto et al, 1999). However, it wasn't until this year that cystatins were shown to be expressed in tissues other than the salivary glands of ticks (Lima et al, 2006;Zhou et al, 2006) and play a role in the innate immune response of ticks (Zhou et al, 2006). Lima et al (2006) showed cystatin genes were expressed in the fat body and ovary, and protein bands were present in the fat body, ovary and salivary glands of Boophilus microplus.…”

Section: Cystatinsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…However, it wasn't until this year that cystatins were shown to be expressed in tissues other than the salivary glands of ticks (Lima et al, 2006;Zhou et al, 2006) and play a role in the innate immune response of ticks (Zhou et al, 2006). Lima et al (2006) showed cystatin genes were expressed in the fat body and ovary, and protein bands were present in the fat body, ovary and salivary glands of Boophilus microplus. They suggested a possible role for cystatin in the ovary but this role remains unknown.…”

Section: Cystatinsmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 1 more Smart Citation

Innate Immunity in Ticks: A review

Taylor

2006

J. Acarol. Soc. Jpn.

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Ticks transmit more different kinds of pathogenic organisms than any other hematophagous arthropod. This paper attempts to review the literature available on the cell-mediated and humoral responses of ticks. The cell-mediated defense responses by invertebrates are simpler than vertebrates, but are effective as a second line of defense against invasion by microorganisms. Hemocytes play a major role in this immune response through phagocytosis, nodule formation and encapsulation of invading foreign materials. These mechanisms appear to function in both soft and hard ticks. Humoral immune responses consist of three main types; humoral encapsulation, hemagglutination and production of antimicrobial proteins. Humoral encapsulation is elicited by the prophenoloxidase activating system and has only been shown to function in the soft tick Ornithodoros moubata. However, recent studies show the hard ticks also have prophenoloxidase activating cofactors indicating humoral encapsulation also functions in these ticks. Tick lectins function in hemagglutination of various microorganisms in both soft and hard ticks and also appear to function as recognition molecules of nonself and possibly in the transmission of pathogenic microorganisms. Ticks also have numerous antimicrobial proteins that can attack the invading microorganisms. Lysozymes have been shown to have bactericidal effects in several tick species and work in concert with other antimicrobial peptides to kill invaders. Cystatins, classic cysteine protease inhibitors, have recently been shown to function in innate immune responses of ticks. Hemoglobin fragments have antimicrobial activity in the midgut of ticks. Defensins show expression up-regulated by blood feeding and are effective antimicrobial agents with some differences between soft and hard ticks. Other novel antimicrobial peptides have been isolated from various species of soft and hard ticks, but their functions remain to be elucidated. Understanding these innate immune mechanisms in ticks is essential to develop strategies for reducing the transmission of diseases to man and animals.

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“…microplus possess a proton ATPase of the vacuolar type, which is involved in the process of acidification and which would probably lead to the activation of these proteolytic enzymes in specific compartments (ABREU et al, 2004). Moreover, the presence of trypsin inhibitors (ANDREOTTI et al, 2002;AZZOLINI et al, 2003;SASAKI et al, 2004) and inhibitors of cysteine proteases (LIMA et al, 2006) suggests that these inhibitors play a role in the control of embryo metabolism.…”

Section: Tick Heme-binding Aspartic Proteinase -Thapmentioning

confidence: 99%

New approaches toward anti-Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus tick vaccine

Parizi¹,

Pohl²,

Masuda³

et al. 2009

RBPV

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The tick Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus (formerly Boophilus microplus) is the major ectoparasite affecting livestock in America, Asia, Africa, and Oceania. Conventional tick control is based on the use of acaricides but immunization of bovines with tick gut proteins induces only a partial protective immune response. Based on this information, distinct research groups have explored the possibility of protecting the animals by inducing an immune response against other tick proteins. However, the antigens so far described do not induce the necessary protection for suppressing the use of acaricides. Currently, several groups are engaged in identifying new tick proteins to be used as targets for the development of new vaccines. This approach focuses on the enhancement of the immunogenicity of antigens already tested by incorporating new adjuvants or formulations and by searching for new antigens. This paper reviews the work done by Brazilian researchers to develop a vaccine against this tick.Keywords: Boophilus microplus, Rhipicephalus microplus, vaccine, tick, control. ResumoO carrapato Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus (anteriormente Boophilus microplus) é o principal ectoparasita que afeta bovinos na América, Ásia, África e Oceania e o seu controle é tradicionalmente realizado através do uso de acaricidas. Experimentos de imunização com proteínas do carrapato mostram que a resposta imune desenvolvida pelos bovinos vacinados protege, em parte, os animais do parasitismo. Baseado nessas observações, vários grupos de pesquisa exploram a possibilidade de proteger os animais pela indução de uma resposta imune contra proteínas do carrapato. Entretanto, os antígenos já caracterizados não asseguram o grau de proteção necessário para suprimir o uso de acaricidas. Portanto, esses grupos de pesquisa estão engajados na tentativa de identificar novas proteínas que possam ser utilizadas para o desenvolvimento de novas vacinas, as quais possam induzir maior imunogenicidade de que os antígenos já testados, através do uso de novas formulações e/ou pela incorporação de adjuvantes. O presente artigo apresenta uma revisão da literatura sobre os resultados obtidos por pesquisadores brasileiros no desenvolvimento de vacinas contra o carrapato.

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Bmcystatin, a cysteine proteinase inhibitor characterized from the tick Boophilus microplus

Cited by 43 publications

References 40 publications

An insight into the sialome of the soft tick, Ornithodorus parkeri

An insight into the sialome of the soft tick, Ornithodorus parkeri

Innate Immunity in Ticks: A review

New approaches toward anti-Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus tick vaccine

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