“…Therefore, MCRs have provided a very efficient way to access heterocycles in the past decade. So far only a few acid catalysts, e.g., p-toluenesulfonic acid [16], silica sulfuric acid [17], zinc(II) perfluorooctanoate [18], gallium(III) triflate [19], ionic liquid [20,21], Al(H 2 PO 4 ) 3 [22], I 2 [23], montmorillonite K-10 [24], Amberlyst-15 [25], Al/Al 2 O 3 and Fe 3 O 4 nanoparticles [26,27], p-toluenesulfonic acid-paraformaldehyde copolymer [28], MCM-41-SO 3 H [29], and silica-bonded N-propylsulfamic acid [30], have been reported to accomplish this threecomponent reaction. However, some of these methods have certain drawbacks such as long reaction times, low yields, use of expensive and large amounts of catalyst, and high reaction temperatures.…”