Body appreciation in British men: Correlates and variation across sexual orientation

Abstract

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Eating disorders and disordered eating behaviors in the LGBT population: a review of the literature

“…The results discussed above are further supported by findings of greater body dissatisfaction, (i.e., poor body image, body image anxiety, drive for thinness, drive for muscularity, shape concerns, weight concerns), sociocultural influence (i.e., internalization of the thin ideal, susceptibility to advertising on physical appearances), eating concerns, frequency of engaging in conversations about appearances, and appearance orientation in gay adults compared to heterosexual men [ 2 , 15 , 36 , 56 , 58 , 85 , 99 , 100 , 126 , 146 , 172 , 173 ]. Additionally, in one study, 63% of the gay participants reported basing their self-worth on their weight status, in addition to approximately one-half experiencing dissatisfaction with their eating patterns [ 14 ].…”

“…Risk factors related to gender attitudes included conforming to masculine norms and recalled childhood harassment for gender nonconformity [ 2 , 170 ]. Risk factors related to body image included longer exercise sessions, internalization of cultural standards of attractiveness, body surveillance, steroid use, athletic appearance-ideal internalization, and upward appearance-based social comparisons [ 2 , 62 , 142 , 170 ]. It should be noted that no empirical evidence of distal risk factors for eating disorders were found for adolescent gay males; more research in this area is needed.…”

“…Risk factors related to demographics included being of Latino/Hispanic or black ethnicity [ 53 ]. Risk factors related to gender attitudes included gender role orientation, recalled childhood harassment for gender nonconformity, and conformity to masculine norms [ 2 , 42 , 170 ]. Risk factors related to intrapsychic functioning included low self-esteem and maladaptive social comparison [ 42 ].…”

“…Risk factors related to intrapsychic functioning included low self-esteem and maladaptive social comparison [ 42 ]. Risk factors related to body image included drive for muscularity, greater exercise frequency, internalization of cultural standards of attractiveness, body surveillance, steroid use, and upward appearance-based social comparisons [ 2 , 26 , 42 , 62 , 170 ].…”

“…Among adult subgroups, less connection to others (e.g., lack of support, unsatisfying relationships, lack of belonging, social media use) was common within relationship dynamics as a risk factor for eating disorders [ 14 , 64 , 89 ]. Body image dissatisfaction; higher BMI; greater importance of appearance; internalization of the ideal body; body surveillance, preoccupation, and consciousness; increased exercise; and higher levels of objectification were common within body image factors [ 2 , 26 , 42 , 86 , 89 , 142 , 170 ]. Low self-esteem was a common intrapsychic factor [ 42 , 86 , 89 ], aside from gay adults, as discussed below.…”