Body composition and energy intake — skeletal muscle mass is the strongest predictor of food intake in obese adolescents: The HEARTY trial

Cameron, Jameason D.; Sigal, Ronald J.; Kenny, Glen P.; Alberga, Angela S.; Prud’homme, Denis; Phillips, Penny; Doucette, Steve; Goldfield, Gary S.

doi:10.1139/apnm-2015-0479

Cited by 64 publications

(65 citation statements)

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“…Further confirmation of a positive association between energy intake with FFM, but not FM, can be derived from studies in adults 4-6 as well as in overweight and obese adolescents. 7 Taken together, these findings have strengthened the argument of Lissner et al 2 that 'research that focuses on the relationship between energy intake and obesity is misplaced because energy requirement appears to be a direct function of …”

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confidence: 66%

“…Further confirmation of a positive association between energy intake with FFM, but not FM, can be derived from studies in adults [4][5][6] as well as in overweight and obese adolescents. 7 Taken together, these findings have strengthened the argument of Lissner et al 2 that 'research that focuses on the relationship between energy intake and obesity is misplaced because energy requirement appears to be a direct function of lean mass rather than of adiposity'. Indeed, the predictive power of FFM on energy intake provides one explanation as to why people with obesity, on average, tend to eat more than lean people, given that the development of obesity is accompanied not only by a large gain in FM but also by a gain in FFM, the composition of excess weight gain being 70-80% fat and 20-30% FFM 8 (Figure 1).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 72%

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Passive and active roles of fat-free mass in the control of energy intake and body composition regulation

et al. 2016

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While putative feedback signals arising from adipose tissue are commonly assumed to provide the molecular links between the body's long-term energy requirements and energy intake, the available evidence suggests that the lean body or fat-free mass (FFM) also plays a role in the drive to eat. A distinction must, however, be made between a 'passive' role of FFM in driving energy intake, which is likely to be mediated by 'energy-sensing' mechanisms that translate FFM-induced energy requirements to energy intake, and a more 'active' role of FFM in the drive to eat through feedback signaling between FFM deficit and energy intake. Consequently, a loss of FFM that results from dieting or sedentarity should be viewed as a risk factor for weight regain and increased fatness not only because of the impact of the FFM deficit in lowering the maintenance energy requirement but also because of the body's attempt to restore FFM by overeating-a phenomenon referred to as 'collateral fattening'. A better understanding of these passive and active roles of FFM in the control of energy intake will necessitate the elucidation of peripheral signals and energy-sensing mechanisms that drive hunger and appetite, with implications for both obesity prevention and its management. INTRODUCTIONSome 30 years ago, Gilbert Forbes pointed out that the lean body mass and body fat are in a sense companions, so that in many situations a change in one is accompanied by a change in the other, and usually in the same direction. 1 Until recently, however, the extent to which the lean body or fat-free mass (FFM) component in this companionship influences energy intake has been largely ignored, amid a dominant adipocentric view of appetite control that has been reinforced by the discovery of leptin and its relationship with fat mass (FM).In fact, in an early investigation about the relationships between body composition and objectively measured ad libitum food intake over several weeks in obese and non-obese women, Lissner et al. 2 showed that the energy intake for the maintenance of body weight was not correlated with adiposity expressed as percent body fat or as FM, but was positively associated with FFM. These findings were ignored or overlooked for the next 25 years despite the more than 100 citations that this publication received, albeit in relation to its other important findings about under-reporting of food intake by both obese and non-obese individuals. It is only recently that the predictive power of FFM on energy intake has gained attention following the demonstration by Blundell et al. 3 that FFM, but not FM, was positively associated with self-selected meal size and total energy intake in overweight and obese subjects. Further confirmation of a positive association between energy intake with FFM, but not FM, can be derived from studies in adults 4-6 as well as in overweight and obese adolescents. 7 Taken together, these findings have strengthened the argument of Lissner et al. 2 that 'research that focuses on the relationship between ener...

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confidence: 66%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 72%

Passive and active roles of fat-free mass in the control of energy intake and body composition regulation

et al. 2016

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“…However, as noted above, a molecular signaling pathway arising from lean tissue cannot be dismissed. Indeed, Cameron et al (115) has recently reported that skeletal muscle mass was a stronger predictor of energy intake (assessed using 3-day food records) than fat-free mass or resting metabolic rate in 304 post-pubertal adolescents. These recent studies on relationships among body composition, resting metabolic rate, total daily energy expenditure and food intake that have been published in the last four years suggest a different biological approach to appetite regulation.…”

Section: Is It Fat-free Mass or Energy Expenditure Per Se That Drivesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Energy balance, body composition, sedentariness and appetite regulation: pathways to obesity

2016

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Energy balance is not a simple algebraic sum of energy expenditure and energy intake as often depicted in communications. Energy balance is a dynamic process and there exist reciprocal effects between food intake and energy expenditure. An important distinction is that of metabolic and behavioural components of energy expenditure. These components not only contribute to the energy budget directly, but also by influencing the energy intake side of the equation. It has recently been demonstrated that resting metabolic rate is a potential driver of energy intake, and evidence is accumulating on the influence of physical activity (behavoiural energy expenditure) on mechanisms of satiety and appetite control. These effects are associated with changes in leptin and insulin sensitivity, and in the plasma levels of gastrointestinal peptides such as glucagon-like peptide-1, ghrelin and cholecystokinin. The influence of fat-free mass on energy expenditure and as a driver of energy intake directs attention to molecules emanating from skeletal tissue as potential appetite signals.Sedentariness (physical inactivity) is positively associated with adiposity and is proposed to be a source of overconsumption and appetite dysregulation. The molecular signals underlying these effects are not known but represent a target for research. Running title:Energy Balance, Body Composition and Appetite Regulation Key words:Appetite regulation, energy intake, fat-free mass, resting metabolic rate, sedentariness. ENERGY BALANCE REGULATION: A DYNAMIC RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN BIOLOGY AND BEHAVIOURWeight gain is often explained as a function energy balance, with sustained periods of excess energy intake over energy expenditure thought to promote the accumulation of adipose tissue. Unfortunately however system, in which reductions in energy intake, or increases in energy expenditure, automatically lead to energy deficit, and in turn, weight loss. This approach is simplistic and belies the complexity of energy balance regulation in humans in the current obesogenic environment. Furthermore, it ignores the potential for behavioral or biological adaptation to restore energy homeostasis during periods of energy deficit or surfeit (1). Rather than being static, the regulation of energy balance is a dynamic process in which perturbations to one component of energy balance may elicit biological and/or behavioral compensation in other components of the system. These auto-regulatory or compensatory responses act to minimize perturbations to energy homeostasis, in turn, body weight (1, 2). For example, it has been suggested that some individuals experience a compensatory reduction in resting energy expenditure, termed adaptive thermogenesis (3), following dietary (4, 5) and exercise-induced (6) weight loss. Compensation may also be behavioural in nature, with dietary (7, 8) and exercise-induced (9, 10) weight loss shown to result in increased fasting hunger (although such changes in subjective appetite do not always translate into changes in actual beha...

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“…In regards to homeostatic mechanisms, there have been studies examining changes in gut peptides, inflammatory markers, and substrate or macronutrient utilization as possible factors that influence post-exercise EI (15, 16, 32). In addition, fat-free mass (FFM) is a known predictor of daily EI in adolescents and adults, predominantly through its effects on resting metabolic rate and total energy expenditure (EE) (4, 8, 9, 27). Furthermore, it has been proposed that cognitive factors also contribute to additional variability in daily EI.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…FFM is a large determinant of resting metabolic rate, which contributes greatly to total daily EE (2). In addition, FFM has been shown to be a better predictor of EI than FM in both adolescents and adults (3, 8, 9, 27). However, research in younger children is lacking.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Perceived Exertion during Exercise Is Associated with Children's Energy Intake

Fearnbach

Masterson

Schlechter

et al. 2017

Medicine &Amp; Science in Sports &Amp; Exercise

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PURPOSE To examine the individual-level factors that predict energy intake (EI) following imposed exercise (EX) and sedentary time (SED) in children. METHODS Healthy-weight children ages 9-12 years (n = 20) reported to the laboratory for 1 baseline and 2 experimental visits (EX and SED) each separated by 1 week in a randomized crossover design. Percent body fat, weight (kg), and height (m) were used to calculate fat-mass index (FM index) and fat-free mass index (FFM index; kg/m2). On the EX day, children exercised at 70% estimated VO2peak for 30 minutes on a cycle ergometer while cardiovascular responses and ratings of perceived exertion (RPE) were measured. Objective EI (kcal) was measured at identical meals (breakfast, lunch, snack, and dinner) on the EX and SED days. RESULTS Total EI was not statistically different between the EX and SED days (t = 1.8, p = 0.09). FFM index was positively associated with EI on the EX day (r = 0.54, p < 0.05). RPE was also positively associated with EI on the EX day (r = 0.82, p < 0.001). Together, FFM index and RPE explained 77% of the variability in EX day EI (F(2,17) = 26.4, p < 0.001). For each unit increase in RPE, children consumed ~270 more calories on the EX day. A similar pattern of associations was observed on the SED day. CONCLUSION FFM index was positively associated with EI on the EX day. Despite experiencing the same 70% relative exercise intensity, increased perceived difficulty predicted greater EI on both the EX and SED day. These findings demonstrate a role for both FFM and RPE in explaining EI variability in children.

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Body composition and energy intake — skeletal muscle mass is the strongest predictor of food intake in obese adolescents: The HEARTY trial

Cited by 64 publications

References 59 publications

Passive and active roles of fat-free mass in the control of energy intake and body composition regulation

Passive and active roles of fat-free mass in the control of energy intake and body composition regulation

Energy balance, body composition, sedentariness and appetite regulation: pathways to obesity

Perceived Exertion during Exercise Is Associated with Children's Energy Intake

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