Body composition and feed intake of young pigs postweaning

Tullis, J. Bronwyn; Whittemore, C. T.

doi:10.1002/jsfa.2740371205

Cited by 6 publications

(3 citation statements)

References 9 publications

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“…Like the pigs given restricted access to food in this experiment, the newly weaned pig is also expected to grow lipid at a slower rate and perhaps restrict the growth of their food-processing organs (Tullis and Whittemore, 1986). An attempt was made to account for the effects seen in the rehabilitation period in terms of the deviations from the normal composition of the animals at the end of the period of restriction.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The performance and body composition of young pigs following a period of growth retardation by food restriction

1991

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Pigs were fed either ad libitum or given 300 g/day of the same food (digestible energy 15-4M]/kg; crude protein 208 g/kg fresh food) from 6 to 12 kg live weight (LW). Four pigs were killed at 6 kg LWand eight (equal numbers from the two sexes) from each treatment at 12 kg LW. Eight pigs (three males and five females; AL) were continued on ad libitum feeding to 24 kg LW when they were killed. Ten (four males and six females; R) of the pigs which had been restricted to 12 kg LW, were fed ad libitum to 24 kg LW, when they were killed. The entire empty bodies of the pigs killed were chemically analysed and the weights of organs determined. The empty body was considered as three fractions: the entire skin, including the subcutaneous fat (SK); the internal organs and the empty gastrointestinal tract (INT) and the remainder (CARC). The distributions of the chemical components between these three fractions were determined. The R pigs took 19 days longer and 2-6 kg more food to go from 6 to 12 kg LW. At 12 kg LWthey had less gut fill, lighter organs concerned with food processing and less lipid, more protein and heavier CARC weights than the AL pigs. The R pigs took 5-5 days less and 2-4 kg less food to go from 12 to 24 kg than the AL pigs. At 24 kg LW they had more gut fill, similar weights of the organs concerned with food processing, and slightly less lipid and protein. Over the 12 to 24 kg weight interval the R pigs gained lipid and protein at faster rates than the AL pigs. None of the increase in protein growth rate was in the CARC fraction.It is concluded that pigs given a low intake of food adjust their organ weights to be sufficient to process the allowance. On being given ad libitum food they rapidly increase the weights of their organs to process the increased rate of intake, and increase their gut fill. These effects are seen as a short lived, greatly increased rate of LW gain. During rehabilitation lipid stores return to their normal level but carcass protein does not show an increased rate of growth.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The performance and body composition of young pigs following a period of growth retardation by food restriction

1991

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“…Considering the lower BW of the L group, the similar average daily gain (H, 517 g/ d; L, 491 g/d), protein gain, and fat gain from d 14 to d 42 indicate that the pigs from the L group used nutrients more efficiently and grew relatively faster than those from the H group. Efficiencies of protein and energy utilization (protein or energy deposited/protein or energy consumed) of previously restricted pigs have been shown to be higher than those of control pigs (Tullis and Whittemore, 1986).…”

Section: Nursery Periodmentioning

confidence: 96%

Effect of starter feeding program on growth performance and gains of body components from weaning to market weight in swine.

Whang

McKeith

Kim

et al. 2000

Journal of Animal Science

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Three experiments were conducted to test the hypothesis that different starter feeding programs (High, high quality; Low, low quality) will affect growth performance and body composition of pigs from weaning to market weight and that this effect may be influenced by gender (barrows or gilts) and breed (F, Yorkshire-Duroc x Hampshire; P, PIC Camborough 15 x PIC line 405). In Exp. 1, 21 +/- 4-d-weaned F pigs (n = 90) were used in a 2 (High or Low) x 2 (barrows or gilts) factorial design. In Exp. 2, 21 +/- 3-d-weaned pigs (n = 184) were used in a 2 (F or P) x 2 (High or Low) x 2 (barrows or gilts) factorial design. In Exp. 3, 21 F pigs from each gender and feeding program treatment were killed at d 0, 3, 7, 14, 42, 82, or 152 postweaning for evaluating body composition. Two starter feeding programs (High or Low) were applied to pigs for 6 wk postweaning. Pigs from both High and Low treatments were provided the same corn-soybean meal-based diets for the growing and finishing periods. Although the ADG of all pigs receiving the High treatment during the early starter period were higher (P < .01) than those of the Low, the terminal BW of F barrows were similar between High and Low (Exp. 1 and 2) and those of gilts were similar between High and Low (Exp. 2) (P > .80). However, the BW of P pigs receiving the High treatment, regardless of gender, tended to be heavier than those receiving the Low (Exp. 2) and F barrows receiving the High treatment tended to be heavier than those receiving the Low (Exp. 1). For the first 7 d postweaning, the High-fed pigs gained more protein (P < .05) and lost less fat (P < .05) than Low-fed pigs. During the growing-finishing period, the Low-fed pigs exhibited compensatory protein gain and achieved a body protein content similar (P < .60) to High-fed pigs by termination. Protein gains from weaning to termination between High- and Low-fed pigs were not different in Exp. 2 and 3. The protein gain of gilts was higher (P < .05) than that of barrows. Similarly, fat gain within genders was not affected by starter feeding program. Fat gain of gilts, however, was lower (P < .08) than that of barrows in Exp. 3. In conclusion, the nutritional quality of the starter feeding program affected growth performance immediately after weaning but did not affect protein gain over the entire production period.

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“…Whittemore (1998) also refered to this desired level of fatness (or 'target fat') as a means of explaining the minimum amount of lipid relative to protein that a growing pig can deposit. The difference between quantifying the potential growth rate of protein and the desired rate of lipid retention, is that protein has an upper limit set by its potential, whereas such appears not the case for lipid (Wilson & Osbourn, 1960;Campbell & Biden, 1978;Tullis & Whittemore, 1986;Emmans & Kyriazakis, 1999). This can be observed, for example, in pigs fed protein-limiting foods who gain lipid at a much faster rate than pigs fed a protein-adequate food, in an attempt to achieve its potential protein growth rate Ferguson & Gous, 1997).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Protein and lipid deposition rates in growing pigs following a period of excess fattening

Ferguson¹,

Theeruth²

2002

SA J. An. Sci.

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The objective of this experiment was to test the proposition that fatter pigs, when fed a high crude protein (CP) diet, would attempt to correct the effects of excess fattening on body composition by returning to a state that is consistent with pigs grown under non-limiting nutritional conditions. The experiment was divided into two phases: Phase 1 was from 15 to 30 kg in which 72 of the 96 Large White x Landrace x Duroc pigs (equal male and female) were made fatter by consuming a low CP food (LP1) (181 g/kg (as fed)). The remaining 24 pigs were fed a high CP food (HP1) (223 g/kg (as fed)) to provide the rate and composition of growth associated with unrestricted or normal growth. Phase 2 was the rehabilitation phase and was divided into two periods: 30 to 45 kg and 45 to 60 kg. Pigs that were fed LP1 were randomly allocated to one of a high CP (HP2) (204 g/kg (as fed)), low CP (LP2) (159 g/kg (as fed)) or medium CP (MP2) (181 g/kg (as fed)) food, respectively. Pigs fed HP1 in Phase 1 continued to be fed HP2 in Phase 2. During Phase 1, pigs fed HP1 consumed less food but grew at a similar rate to pigs fed LP1. Pigs fed LP1 were significantly fatter, had less body water and had a higher lipid:protein ratio (0.86±0.04 vs. 0.67±0.09 g/g, respectively) at the end of Phase 1. Between 30 and 45 kg, pigs fed HP2 and previously fed LP1, retained significantly less lipid and had the lowest lipid growth:protein growth ratio (0.38±0.05) than all other treatments. By 45 and 60 kg, there were no significant differences in the lipid content and lipid:protein ratio of pigs across all treatments. It can be concluded that nutritionally induced, fat pigs will attempt to restore their body lipid contents, to those levels in animals not previously nutritionally deprived, by reducing their rate of lipid retention when fed a higher crude protein food.

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Body composition and feed intake of young pigs postweaning

Cited by 6 publications

References 9 publications

The performance and body composition of young pigs following a period of growth retardation by food restriction

The performance and body composition of young pigs following a period of growth retardation by food restriction

Effect of starter feeding program on growth performance and gains of body components from weaning to market weight in swine.

Protein and lipid deposition rates in growing pigs following a period of excess fattening

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