Body composition and somatotypes of male Zimbabwean Premier League football referees

Banda, Morris; Grobbelaar, Heinrich W.; Terblanche, Elmarie

doi:10.23736/s0022-4707.18.08326-3

Cited by 7 publications

(13 citation statements)

References 14 publications

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“…This trend was also evident in an eleven-year retrospective study on 470 Spanish elite football referees, which reported a decrease in BMI skinfolds thickness [ 10 ]. Our recent study of 43 elite international referees found a balanced mesomorph dominant somatotype pattern [ 11 ], similar to previous findings in Zimbabwean referees [ 12 ] and in contrast to results from Brazilian [ 13 ], Chilean [ 14 ], and South African [ 15 ] referees.…”

Section: Introductionsupporting

confidence: 90%

Morphological Characteristics of Elite International Soccer Referees: Somatotype and Bioelectrical Impedance Vector Analysis

Izzicupo,

Petri,

Serafini

et al. 2023

JFMK

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This study aimed to assess the physical characteristics of elite international soccer referees, compare them with other referee populations in the literature, and establish reference tolerance ellipses for the bioelectrical impedance vector analysis (BIVA) point graph. Forty-one elite international soccer referees (age 38.8 ± 3.6 years) participated in the study. The participants underwent body composition assessments, including dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry, BIVA, and somatotype. The Somatotype Attitudinal Distance (SAD), the two-sample Hotelling’s T2 test and the Mahalanobis test were used to determine somatotype and bioelectrical vector differences with the literature. The average somatotype of the referees was a balanced mesomorph (2.8, 6.5, 2.8). Elite international referees significantly differed from other samples in the literature (SAD = 2.1, 2.6, 2.9 with respect to Zimbabwean, Brazilian, and South African referees, respectively). The bioelectrical vector was significantly different from the general population (T2 ≤ 76.6; F = 38.8; D = 1.44; p < 0.001) and athletes (T2 ≤ 25.3; F = 12.6; D = 0.8; p < 0.001). Somatotype values and tolerance ellipses from this study may be useful as a reference for developing training programs and improving the selection process of referees in soccer.

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Section: Introductionsupporting

confidence: 90%

Morphological Characteristics of Elite International Soccer Referees: Somatotype and Bioelectrical Impedance Vector Analysis

Izzicupo,

Petri,

Serafini

et al. 2023

JFMK

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“…The FM% for male soccer players is about 10 %. For soccer referees, this ratio is in the range of 11⋅7-13⋅7 % (31)(32)(33) . In the present study, FM% was 13⋅4 ± 4⋅39 % (Table 2).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effect of body composition on the athletic performance of soccer referees

2023

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Nutrition plays an important role in improving sports performance. The present study aimed at nutritional assessment and examined the relationship between athletic performance and body composition in soccer referees at different levels. The study participants were 120 male soccer referees. 5, 10 and 30 metres (m) sprint tests to measure speed and cooper test for physical fitness were applied in the referees. Participants were divided into two groups as city and class soccer referee. The anthropometric measurements, excluding fat mass (FM) (%), were higher in class referees. Fat mass (%) differences (14⋅1 ± 4⋅28 v. 12⋅3 ± 4⋅41) were statistically significant (P < 0⋅05). Daily energy and nutrient intakes were similar. The inadequacy percentages of energy, vitamin A and calcium were the highest (29⋅2, 30⋅0 and 34⋅2 %, respectively). It was found that a negative significant correlation between FM% and cooper test score (P < 0⋅01; r = −0⋅35), a positive significant correlation between FM% and 5, 10 and 30 m sprint test scores (P < 0⋅01, r = 0⋅38; P < 0⋅01, r = 0⋅38 and P < 0⋅01, r = 0⋅48, respectively). Similarly, there was a negative significant correlation between waist circumference (WC) and cooper test score (P < 0⋅01; r = −0⋅31), a positive significant correlation between WC and 5, 10 and 30 m sprint test scores (P < 0⋅01, r = 0⋅33; P < 0⋅01, r = 0⋅40; P < 0⋅01, r = 0⋅33, respectively). Nutritional recommendations for soccer referees should be made specific to the individual, considering body composition, training intensity and match frequency by a dietician.

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“…A descriptive comparative study of (21) football referee, has concluded that referees aiming to excel at higher levels need to obtain and maintain an ideal body composition since elite level football is intense and requires high fitness levels (11) .…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Evaluation of Third Degree Football Referees’ Health Behaviors at the Referees’ Football Training Centre in Baghdad City

Mahdi¹,

Khalifa²

2021

Indian Journal of Forensic Medicine & Toxicology

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Objective(s):The present study aims at evaluating third degree football referees' Health behaviors at the Football Referee Training Centre in Baghdad City.Methodology: Quasi-experimental design, using one group test-retest approach, is carried throughout the present study for the period of October 25 th 2019 through March 10 th 2021.Non-probability, convenient sample of (40) third degree football referee while they are attending the Referees' Football Training Centre for the purpose of training. All subjects who have agreed to participate in the study have signed consent form for maintenance of their confidentiality and ethical considerations. Self-report questionnaire is constructed out of the program for the purpose of the study. Such instrument is comprised of two parts; part I: Socio-demographic Information which include age, education, body mass index (BMI) and socioeconomic status (SES) and part II: Third Degree Football Referees' Health Behaviors Scale that measures the third degree referees' health behaviors. It is comprised of (4) sections that include body care and general health, smoking, drinking and drug use, psychosocial well-being and abusive behaviors. Content validity of the questionnaire is determined through panel of experts and test-retest reliability for equivalence is obtained throughout a pilot study.Results: Results of the study depict that third degree football referees have experienced positive health behaviors with respect to studied aspects. Further, there is no significant relationship between their health behaviors and the socio-demographic characteristics of age, education, body mass index and socioeconomic status. Conclusion:The study concludes that the third degree football referees' health behaviors are improving as far as they are involved in the referees training center.

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Body composition and somatotypes of male Zimbabwean Premier League football referees

Cited by 7 publications

References 14 publications

Morphological Characteristics of Elite International Soccer Referees: Somatotype and Bioelectrical Impedance Vector Analysis

Morphological Characteristics of Elite International Soccer Referees: Somatotype and Bioelectrical Impedance Vector Analysis

Effect of body composition on the athletic performance of soccer referees

Evaluation of Third Degree Football Referees’ Health Behaviors at the Referees’ Football Training Centre in Baghdad City

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