Body composition, metabolic rate and utilization of milk nutrients in suckling piglets

Noblet, Jean; Etienne, Michel Louis; BLANCHARD, Annick; Fillaut, Martine; Mézière, Nadine; Vachot, Christiane; Dubois, Serge

doi:10.1051/rnd:19870609

Cited by 79 publications

(87 citation statements)

References 12 publications

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“…It continues to increase and reaches 11% by 3 weeks. During the 3-week suckling period, 54% of milk fat intake is retained in the body (Noblet and Etienne, 1987) with fat accretion occurring at a mean rate of 30 to 35 g/day, depending mainly on the amount of ingested milk (Marion and Le and on the milk fat content (Jones et al, 1999).…”

Section: Adipose Tissue Development and Low Birth Weight Pigletsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Growth and development of adipose tissue and gut and related endocrine status during early growth in the pig: impact of low birth weight

Morise

Louveau

Huërou‐Luron

2008

Animal

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With genetic selection, the increase in litter size has led to higher variation in within-litter birth weights in pigs. This has been associated with a reduction in mean birth weights and a rise in the proportion of piglets weighing less than 1 kg at birth. Low birth weight pigs exhibit lower postnatal growth rates and feed efficiency, which may be explained by an inadequate digestion and/or nutrient use as a consequence of prenatal undernutrition. It is now documented that there is a relationship between birth weight and subsequent pattern of growth and development of tissues and organs. During the neonatal period, the rapid somatic growth is accompanied by tremendous anatomical, physiological and chemical composition changes. The present review focuses primarily on the influence of low birth weight on adipose tissue and the gastrointestinal tract growth and development during the suckling period. The importance of the somatotropic axis, insulin, thyroid hormones, glucocorticoids, epidermal growth factor and leptin in the regulation of these developmental processes is also considered.

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Section: Adipose Tissue Development and Low Birth Weight Pigletsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Growth and development of adipose tissue and gut and related endocrine status during early growth in the pig: impact of low birth weight

Morise

Louveau

Huërou‐Luron

2008

Animal

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“…Second, selection for large litters has had the unintended consequence of reducing the average birth weight of piglets (Foxcroft et al, 2009) that has decreased their capacity to ingest colostrum (Amdi et al, 2013). Another problem with low birth weight piglets is that they have a greater energy requirement per kg of birth weight (Noblet and Etienne, 1987) because of their high surface-tovolume ratio. Selection for large litters has further challenged survival of these piglets because sows do not have an inherent mechanism to favor a high glycogen deposition in small born piglets Amdi et al, 2013).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Neonatal piglet survival: impact of sow nutrition around parturition on fetal glycogen deposition and production and composition of colostrum and transient milk

Theil

Lauridsen

Quesnel

2014

animal

182

161

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Piglet survival is a major problem, especially during the first 3 days after birth. Piglets are born deficient of energy, but at the same time they have a very high energy requirement because of high physical activity, high need for thermoregulation (because of their lean body with low insulation) and high heat production in muscle tissues. To be able to survive, newborn piglets may rely upon three different sources of energy, namely, glycogen, colostrum and transient milk, which orchestrate to cover their energy requirements. Piglets are born with limited amounts of energy in glycogen depots in the liver and muscle tissues and these depots are sufficient for normal activity for ∼16 h. Intake and oxidation of fat and lactose from colostrum must supply sufficient amount of energy to cover at least another 18 h until transient milk becomes available in the sow udder ∼34 h after the first piglet is born. Selection for large litters during the last two decades has challenged piglets even further during the critical neonatal phase because the selection programs indirectly decreased birth weight of piglets and because increased litter size has increased the competition between littermates. Different attempts have been made to increase the short-term survival of piglets, that is, survival until day 3 of lactation, by focusing on improving transfer of vital maternal energy to the offspring, either in utero or via mammary secretions. Thus, the present review addresses how sow nutrition in late gestation may favor survival of newborn piglets by increasing glycogen depots, improving colostrum yield or colostrum composition, or by increasing production of transient milk.

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“…The activity level of sucking piglets was higher compared to that of artificially reared piglets, because sucking piglets spent time and energy fighting for their gland position and stimulating the sow's udder. Another reason for the higher CO 2 production observed in sucking piglets is the higher intake of milk energy, which is known to increase O 2 consumption (Noblet and Etienne 1987) and, therefore, also increases CO 2 production. Noblet and Etienne (1987) measured the gas exchange of sucking piglets between sucking bouts ('resp-suckle-resp' approach) and reported a daily CO 2 production of 63.4 l per piglet, which is similar to that found in the present study for artificially reared piglets, but not for the sucking piglets.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Another reason for the higher CO 2 production observed in sucking piglets is the higher intake of milk energy, which is known to increase O 2 consumption (Noblet and Etienne 1987) and, therefore, also increases CO 2 production. Noblet and Etienne (1987) measured the gas exchange of sucking piglets between sucking bouts ('resp-suckle-resp' approach) and reported a daily CO 2 production of 63.4 l per piglet, which is similar to that found in the present study for artificially reared piglets, but not for the sucking piglets. Initially, we planned to adopt their 'resp-suckle-resp' approach but realised that piglets slept most of the time between the sucking bouts, which, therefore causes an underestimation of the litter HE.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…However, respiration trials are problematic because both the piglets and the sow contribute to the gas exchange (Jakobsen et al, 2005). Different approaches have been proposed to evaluate the HE of lactating animals and sucking offspring in pigs and mink (Verstegen et al, 1985;Noblet and Etienne, 1987;Fink et al, 2003). The use of the doubly labelled water (DLW) technique to derive HE of sucking piglets is an elegant way of overcoming this problem (Jequier and Schutz, 1988), because the DLW technique concomitantly allows estimation of piglet milk intake by the dilution of deuterium oxide (D 2 O) and piglet HE (Ritz et al, 1994).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Milk intake and carbon dioxide production of piglets determined with the doubly labelled water technique

Theil¹,

Kristensen²,

Jørgensen³

et al. 2007

Animal

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The present study was undertaken to study different methodological aspects of quantifying CO 2 production and milk intake of suckling piglets using the doubly labelled water (DLW) technique. In total, 37 piglets were enriched intraperitoneally with DLW to study equilibration time of 18 O (n 5 3), to validate the estimation of milk intake and CO 2 production (n 5 10) of piglets fed milk replacer and to quantify milk intake and CO 2 production of piglets nursed ordinarily by sows (n 5 24). Enrichment of 18 O in expired air was analysed without any sample preparation, whereas enrichment of 18 O in serum was analysed after a minimum step of sample preparation, which included pipetting of the sample, blowing gaseous CO 2 into the vial for 3 s and equilibrating for 24 h. The 18 O enrichment of CO 2 in expired air was constant within 30-40 min of intraperitoneal injection, suggesting that DLW was equilibrated within the body water by that time. For piglets fed milk replacer, the estimation of the daily CO 2 production by the DLW method (64.0 6 2.7 l CO 2 /day) was in agreement with that obtained by respiration trials (64.7 6 1.8 l CO 2 /day). Furthermore, the intake of milk replacer (891 6 63 g/day) determined by deuterium oxide (D 2 O) dilution was similar in magnitude to that found by weighing the milk disappearance (910 6 58 g/day). The milk intake of piglets fed milk replacer was comparable with that of sucking piglets, but sucking piglets had a remarkably higher CO 2 production than artificially reared piglets, which likely was caused by a higher intake of milk solids and a higher activity level. For sucking piglets, the daily CO 2 production increased curvilinearly with increasing live weight (LW) in kg: piglet CO 2 production (l/day) 5 25.75 3 LW 2 1.01 3 LW 2 . In conclusion, 18 O equilibrates fast within the body water pool when administered intraperitoneally, and the accuracy of assessing milk intake and rate of CO 2 production using the DLW technique is promising. Assessment of excess enrichment of 18 O in serum proved to be robust. Finally, the CO 2 production of piglets fed milk replacer differs considerably from that of sucking piglets.

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Body composition, metabolic rate and utilization of milk nutrients in suckling piglets

Cited by 79 publications

References 12 publications

Growth and development of adipose tissue and gut and related endocrine status during early growth in the pig: impact of low birth weight

Growth and development of adipose tissue and gut and related endocrine status during early growth in the pig: impact of low birth weight

Neonatal piglet survival: impact of sow nutrition around parturition on fetal glycogen deposition and production and composition of colostrum and transient milk

Milk intake and carbon dioxide production of piglets determined with the doubly labelled water technique

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