Body Composition, Muscle Quality and Scoliosis in Female Collegiate Gymnasts: A Pilot Study

Trexler, Eric T.; Smith‐Ryan, Abbie E.; Roelofs, Erica J.; Hirsch, Katie R.

doi:10.1055/s-0035-1555781

Cited by 26 publications

(27 citation statements)

References 24 publications

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“…In comparison to the aerialists, the gymnasts had a lower BF%, although age differences between the gymnasts (16.9 ± 3.6 years) and the aerialists (32.8 ± 6.3 years) should be taken into consideration [ 21 ]. In contrast, an investigation on female collegiate gymnasts found the athletes to have BF% of 23.2 ± 3.2, which are higher than the BF% of aerialists determined in the present investigation [ 22 ]. Differences in BF% between athletes are likely due to the nature of their physical activity [ 21 ].…”

Section: Discussioncontrasting

confidence: 98%

Contralateral Muscle Imbalances and Physiological Profile of Recreational Aerial Athletes

Ruggieri

Costa

2019

JFMK

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Background: Aerial fitness is quickly gaining popularity; however, little is known regarding the physiological demands of aerial athletes. The purpose of the study was to examine contralateral muscle imbalances, compare dominant versus non-dominant hamstrings-to-quadriceps (H:Q) ratios, and to establish a physiological profile of recreational aerial athletes. Methods: Thirteen aerialist women visited a local aerial studio to participate in a data collection session to examine isometric levels of upper and lower body strength, muscle endurance, flexibility, balance, and cardiovascular fitness. Results: No significant differences were found between dominant and non-dominant hand grip strength (p = 0.077), dominant and non-dominant isometric knee flexion (p = 0.483), dominant and non-dominant isometric knee extension (p = 0.152), or dominant and non-dominant isometric H:Q ratios (p = 0.102). In addition, no significant difference was found between isometric dominant H:Q ratio and the widely-used value of 0.60 (p = 0.139). However, isometric non-dominant H:Q ratio was significantly lower than the 0.60 criterion (p = 0.004). Aerial athletes demonstrated to have excellent flexibility, balance, cardiorespiratory fitness, and average strength. Conclusions: Aerial fitness may be another recreational activity that could be used to maintain higher levels of flexibility, balance, cardiorespiratory fitness, and strength. Aerialists may want to consider focusing on strengthening the lower body and balancing the hamstrings and quadriceps muscle strength.

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Section: Discussioncontrasting

confidence: 98%

Contralateral Muscle Imbalances and Physiological Profile of Recreational Aerial Athletes

Ruggieri

Costa

2019

JFMK

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“…Valid and reliable body composition techniques are essential for detecting clinical conditions associated with both over- and under-fatness, overall health, injury prevention, and tracking changes from diet and exercise [2, 4, 30, 32-34]. Despite the known improvement in precision when using a multi-compartment model for body composition, many researchers, clinicians, and coaches still use single 2C techniques or DEXA (3C) as methods for determining body composition.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Validity and reliability of a 4-compartment body composition model using dual energy x-ray absorptiometry-derived body volume

et al. 2017

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Background Body volume (BV), one component of a four-compartment (4C) body composition model, is commonly assessed using air displacement plethysmography (BodPod). However, dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry (DEXA) has been proposed as an alternative method for calculating BV. Aims This investigation evalauted the validity and reliability of DEXA-derived BV measurement and a DEXA-derived 4C model (DEXA-4C) for percent body fat (%BF), fat mass (FM), and lean mass (LM). Methods A total sample of 127 men and women (Mean ± SD; Age: 35.8 ± 9.4 years; Body Mass: 98.1 ± 20.9 kg; Height: 176.3 ± 9.2 cm) completed a traditional 4C body composition reference assessment. A DEXA-4C model was created by linearly regressing BodPod BV with DEXA FM, LM, and bone mineral content as independent factors. The DEXA-4C model was validated in a random sub-sample of 27 subjects. Reliability was evaluated in a sample of 40 subjects that underwent a second session of identical testing. Results When BV derived from DEXA was applied to a 4C model, there were no significant differences in %BF (p=0.404), FM (p=0.295), or LM (p=0.295) when compared to the traditional 4C model. The approach was also reliable; BV was not different between trials (p=0.170). For BV, %BF, FM, and LM relative consistency values ranged from 0.995-0.998. Standard error of measurement for BV was 0.62L, ranging from 0.831-0.960kg. There were no significant differences between visits for %BF (p=0.075), FM (p=0.275), or LM (p=0.542). Conclusion The DEXA-4C model appears to be a valid and reliable method of estimating %BF, FM, and LM. The prediction of BV from DEXA simplifies the acquisition of 4C body composition by eliminating the need for an additional BV assessment.

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“…Cross-sectional research has demonstrated that body composition differs among position groups (5, 7, 29, 32), and has identified a clear trend of increasing body size in recent decades (2, 16, 33, 35). American football requires a unique combination of speed, size, and power (12); as such, indices of body size and composition have been associated with strength (36), power (30), and career earnings (33) in football players, and extensive research in a variety of populations has documented relationships between various indices of fat-free mass (FFM) and strength, power, speed, and sport performance (1, 3, 24, 27, 28, 41, 43). However, absolute amounts of FFM are influenced by height, with greater height favoring higher FFM.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Fat-Free Mass Index in NCAA Division I and II Collegiate American Football Players

Trexler¹,

Smith‐Ryan

Blue

et al. 2017

Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research

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Fat-free mass index (FFMI) is a height-adjusted assessment of fat-free mass, with previous research suggesting a natural upper limit of 25 kg·m−2 in resistance-trained males. The current study evaluated upper limits for FFMI in collegiate American football players (n=235), and evaluated differences between positions, divisions, and age groups. The sample consisted of two NCAA Division I teams (n=78, n=69), and one Division II team (n=88). Body composition was assessed via dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry and used to calculate FFMI; linear regression was used to normalize values to a height of 180 cm. Sixty-two participants (26.4%) had height-adjusted FFMI values above 25 kg·m−2 (mean = 23.7 ± 2.1 kg·m−2; 97.5th percentile = 28.1 kg·m−2). Differences were observed among position groups (p < 0.001; η2 = 0.25), with highest values observed in offensive and defensive linemen, and lowest values observed in offensive and defensive backs. FFMI was higher in Division I teams than Division II (24.3 ± 1.8 vs. 23.4 ± 1.8 kg·m−2; p < 0.001; d = 0.49). FFMI did not differ between age groups. Upper limit estimations for FFMI appear to vary by position; while the 97.5th percentile (28.1 kg·m−2) may represent a more suitable upper limit for the college football population as a whole, this value was exceeded by six linemen (3 OL, 3 DL), with a maximal observed value of 31.7 kg·m−2. Football practitioners may use FFMI to evaluate an individual’s capacity for additional FFM accretion, suitability for a specific position, potential for switching positions, and overall recruiting assessment.

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Body Composition, Muscle Quality and Scoliosis in Female Collegiate Gymnasts: A Pilot Study

Cited by 26 publications

References 24 publications

Contralateral Muscle Imbalances and Physiological Profile of Recreational Aerial Athletes

Contralateral Muscle Imbalances and Physiological Profile of Recreational Aerial Athletes

Validity and reliability of a 4-compartment body composition model using dual energy x-ray absorptiometry-derived body volume

Fat-Free Mass Index in NCAA Division I and II Collegiate American Football Players

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