Body composition of humans: comparison of two improved four-compartment models that differ in expense, technical complexity, and radiation exposure

Heymsfield, S. B.; Lichtman, Steven W.; Baumgartner, Richard N.; Wang, J; Kamen, Yakov; Aliprantis, Antonios O.; Pierson, Richard N.

doi:10.1093/ajcn/52.1.52

Cited by 254 publications

(161 citation statements)

References 13 publications

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“…Lean body mass, in kg, was calculated from total body water, determined by tritiated water injection [12]. Fat mass was then calculated as the difference between body weight and lean body mass.…”

Section: Body Compositionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Restoration of normal glucose tolerance in severely obese patients after bilio-pancreatic diversion: role of insulin sensitivity and beta cell function

et al. 2006

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Aims/hypothesis The aim of this study was to analyse the mechanisms underlying the improvement in glucose tolerance seen in morbidly obese patients undergoing biliopancreatic diversion (BPD). Subjects and methods We evaluated glucose tolerance (by OGTT), insulin sensitivity (euglycaemic-hyperinsulinaemic clamp and the OGTT index OGIS) and beta cell function (OGTT modelling analysis) in 32 morbidly obese (BMI=52± 7 kg/m 2 , mean±SD) patients (12 with NGT, 9 with IGT and 11 with type 2 diabetes), before and after BPD, and in 22 lean control subjects. Patients were studied before and from 7 days to 60 months after surgery. Results BPD improved glucose tolerance in all subjects, who after surgery all had normal glucose tolerance. Insulin sensitivity was restored to normal levels in all subjects (pre-BPD 341±79 ml min −1 m −2 , post-BPD 511±57 ml min −1 m −2 , lean 478±49 ml min −1 m −2 ). The insulin sensitivity change was detectable within 10 days of BPD. At baseline, beta cell sensitivity to glucose was impaired in diabetic subjects (25 [18] pmol min −1 m −2 l mmol −1 , median [interquartile range]) compared with lean subjects (82 [98]; p≤0.05). After BPD, beta cell glucose sensitivity showed a tendency towards improvement but remained impaired in diabetic subjects (30 [62]; p<0.01 vs lean). Total insulin output decreased in parallel with the insulin sensitivity increase in all groups. In the whole patient group, mean OGTT glucose levels were inversely related to both insulin sensitivity and beta cell glucose sensitivity (r 2 =0.67, partial r=−0.76 and −0.41, respectively). NEFAs, leptin and adiponectin were related to insulin sensitivity but could not explain the early improvement. Conclusions/interpretation Following BPD, glucose tolerance was restored mainly as a result of a rapid and large improvement in insulin sensitivity.

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Section: Body Compositionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Restoration of normal glucose tolerance in severely obese patients after bilio-pancreatic diversion: role of insulin sensitivity and beta cell function

et al. 2006

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“…The within-subject CV for this method is 1.5% [12]. Fat-free mass (FFM) in kg was obtained by dividing the TBW by 0.732 [13].…”

Section: Body Compositionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Could the low level of expression of the gene encoding skeletal muscle mitofusin-2 account for the metabolic inflexibility of obesity?

et al. 2005

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Aims/hypothesis: In obesity the cellular capacity to switch from using lipid to carbohydrate and vice versa as the energy substrate, known as 'metabolic flexibility', is impaired. Mitofusin 2 (MFN2), a mitochondrial membrane protein, seems to contribute to the maintenance and operation of the mitochondrial network, and its expression is reduced in obesity. The aim of this study was to verify whether MFN2 might be implicated in the metabolic inflexibility of obesity. Materials and methods: Insulin sensitivity was measured in six morbidly obese women before and 2 years after malabsorptive bariatric surgery (BMI 53.3±10.5 vs 30.3±4.0 kg/m 2 ). Skeletal muscle MFN2, SLC2A4 (formerly known as GLUT4), COX3 (encoding cytochrome c oxidase subunit III) and CS (encoding citrate synthase) mRNA levels were measured by real-time PCR. Results: Following biliopancreatic surgery, significant increases in MFN2 mRNA (from 0.4±0.2 to 1.7±1.1 arbitrary units [AU], p=0.019) and SLC2A4 mRNA (0.38±0.12 to 0.76±0.24 AU, p=0.04) were observed, while increases in COX3 mRNA (from 14.2±6.4 to 20.2±12.5 AU) and CS mRNA (from 0.4±0.1 to 0.7±0.3 AU) failed to reach statistical significance. Insulin-mediated whole-body glucose uptake significantly (p<0.0001) increased from 21.2±4.1 to 52.8±5.9 μmol kg fat-free mass −1 min −1 and glucose oxidation rose from 11.1±2.1 to 37.7±4.7 μmol kg fat-free mass −1 min −1 (p<0.0001). Levels of MFN2 mRNA were strongly correlated with the absolute values for the glucose oxidation rate, both during fasting (glucose oxidation =3.55 MFN2 mRNA + 3.93; R 2 =0.92, p<0.0001) and during the clamp (glucose oxidation=18.8 MFN2 mRNA+34.7; R 2 =0.80, p<0.0001). The percentage changes in MFN2 mRNA were positively correlated with the percentage change in glucose oxidation during the clamp (glucose oxidation percent (%) change=0.3 MFN2 mRNA percent (%) change +153.2; R 2 =0.61, p<0.001). Conclusions/interpretation: We propose that the significant increase in MFN2 mRNA levels may explain the increase in glucose oxidation observed in morbid obesity following bariatric surgery.

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“…One gram of bone mineral yields 0.9582 g of ash (Me Ândez et al, 1960) because labile components such as bound H 2 O and CO 2 are volatilized during heating at over 500 C (Broz Ïek et al, 1963;Me Ândez et al, 1960). The BMC or bone ash was therefore converted to bone mineral mass (BMM) by multiplying it by 1.0436 (Heyms®eld et al, 1989(Heyms®eld et al, , 1990.…”

Section: Total Body Water (Tbw)mentioning

confidence: 99%

Body composition changes in female bodybuilders during preparation for competition

et al. 2001

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Objective: To determine anthropometric and body composition changes in female bodybuilders during preparation for competition. Design: There was an attempt to match subjects in the control and experimental groups for height and percentage body fat (%BF) for the initial test of this longitudinal study. Subjects: Five competitive bodybuilders (X AE s.d.: 35.3 AE 5.7 y; 167.3 AE 3.7 cm; 66.38 AE 6.30 kg; 18.3 AE 3.5 %BF) and ®ve athletic females (X AE s.d.: 30.9AE 13.0 y; 166.9 AE 3.9 cm; 55.94 AE 3.59 kg; 19.1 AE 3.3 %BF) were recruited from advertisements in a bodybuilding newsletter and placed on sports centre noticeboards. Interventions: The following measurements were conducted 12 weeks, 6 weeks and 3 ± 5 d before the bodybuilders' competitions: anthropometric pro®le, body density by underwater weighing, total body water via deuterium dilution and bone mineral mass from a dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry scan. A combination of the last three measurements enabled the %BF to the determined by a four compartment model. Results: A signi®cant (P 0.001) 5.80 kg body mass loss by the bodybuilders as they prepared for competition was primarily due to a reduction in fat mass (FM; À4.42 kg; 76.2%) as opposed to fat-free mass (FFM; À1.38 kg; 23.8%). The decreases in body mass and FM over the ®nal 6 weeks were greater than those over the ®rst 6 weeks. Their %BF decreased (P`0.001) from 18.3 to 12.7, whereas the values for the control group remained essentially unchanged at 19.1 ± 19.6 %BF. These body composition changes by the bodybuilders were accompanied by a signi®cant decline (P`0.001) of 25.5 mm (76.3 ± 50.8 mm) in the sum of eight skinfold thicknesses (triceps subscapular biceps iliac crest supraspinale abdominal front thigh medial calf). Conclusions: Although the bodybuilders presented with low %BFs at the start of the experiment, they still signi®cantly decreased their body mass during the 12 week preparation for competition and most of this loss was due to a reduction in FM as opposed to FFM. Sponsorship: Australian Research Council (small grants scheme). Descriptors: four-compartment body composition model; dual energy X-ray absorptiometry; somatotype

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Body composition of humans: comparison of two improved four-compartment models that differ in expense, technical complexity, and radiation exposure

Cited by 254 publications

References 13 publications

Restoration of normal glucose tolerance in severely obese patients after bilio-pancreatic diversion: role of insulin sensitivity and beta cell function

Restoration of normal glucose tolerance in severely obese patients after bilio-pancreatic diversion: role of insulin sensitivity and beta cell function

Could the low level of expression of the gene encoding skeletal muscle mitofusin-2 account for the metabolic inflexibility of obesity?

Body composition changes in female bodybuilders during preparation for competition

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