Body fat attenuates muscle mass catabolism among physically active humans in temperate and cold high altitude environments

Ocobock, Cara

doi:10.1002/ajhb.23013

Cited by 24 publications

(22 citation statements)

References 41 publications

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“…Although most studies indicate favourable physiological and physical changes in increasing athletes' performance, altitude training also has negative effects such as a decrease in body weight (in the present study by 2.1%) [41][42][43][44]. However, no such differences were observed in the current study after training on the sand.…”

Section: Haemoglobin Concentrationscontrasting

confidence: 78%

The Modifications of Haemoglobin, Erythropoietin Values and Running Performance While Training at Mountain vs. Hilltop vs. Seaside

Man

Ganera

Bărbuleţ

et al. 2021

IJERPH

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Altitude training increases haemoglobin, erythropoietin values among athletes, but may have negative physiological consequences. An alternative, although less explored, that has the potential to positively influence performance while avoiding some of the negative physiological consequences of hypoxia is sand training. Ten endurance-trained athletes (age: 20.8 ± 1.4, body mass: 57.7 ± 8.2 kg, stature: 176 ± 6 cm; 5000 m 14:55.00 ±0:30 min) performed three 21-day training camps at different locations: at a high altitude (HIGH), at the sea-level (CTRL), at the sea-level on the sand (SAND). Differences in erythropoietin (EPO) and haemoglobin (Hb) concentration, body weight, VO2max and maximal aerobic velocity (VMA) before and after each training cycle were compared. Data analysis has indicated that training during HIGH elicited a greater increase in VO2max (2.4 ± 0.2%; p = 0.005 and 1.0 ± 0.2%; p < 0.001) and VMA (2.4 ± 0.2%, p < 0.001 and 1.2 ± 0.2%; p = 0.001) compared with CTRL and SAND. While increases in VO2max and VMA following SAND were greater (1.3 ± 0.1%; p < 0.001 and 1.2 ± 0.1%; p < 0.001) than those observed after CTRL. Moreover, EPO increased to a greater extent following HIGH (25.3 ± 2.7%) compared with SAND (11.7 ± 1.6%, p = 0.008) and CTRL (0.1 ± 0.3%, p < 0.001) with a greater increase (p < 0.01) following SAND compared with CTRL. Furthermore, HIGH and SAND elicited a greater increase (4.9 ± 0.9%; p = 0.001 and 3.3 ± 1.1%; p = 0.035) in Hb compared with CTRL. There was no difference in Hb changes observed between HIGH and SAND (p = 1.0). Finally, athletes lost 2.1 ± 0.4% (p = 0.001) more weight following HIGH vs. CTRL, while there were no differences in weight changes between HIGH vs. SAND (p = 0.742) and SAND vs. CTRL (p = 0.719). High-altitude training and sea-level training on sand resulted in significant improvements in EPO, Hb, VMA, and VO2max that exceeded changes in such parameters following traditional sea-level training. While high-altitude training elicited greater relative increases in EPO, VMA, and VO2max, sand training resulted in comparable increases in Hb and may prevent hypoxia-induced weight loss.

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Section: Haemoglobin Concentrationscontrasting

confidence: 78%

The Modifications of Haemoglobin, Erythropoietin Values and Running Performance While Training at Mountain vs. Hilltop vs. Seaside

Man

Ganera

Bărbuleţ

et al. 2021

IJERPH

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“…The MM in the one study that involved passive exposure remained unchanged (ET: 7 days) (Lippl et al, 2010). A significant reduction in MM of -1.5 kg was observed in male participants and an increase of 0.6 kg in female participants that had a prolonged active exposure to cold climate conditions (ET: 112 days) (Ocobock, 2017).…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Significant losses of FFM and MM were observed at altitudes as low as ≤5000 m (Ocobock, 2017), with the extent dependent on duration, temperature and body fat percentage at the outset. These results were confirmed in a very recent study that showed that there is muscle wasting even during short simulated exposures (21 days) to an altitude of only 4000 m under strictly controlled and standardized environmental, dietary and activity conditions (Debevec et al, 2018).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Muscle catabolism may arise due to a negative energy balance resulting from increased energy expenditure, high levels of physical activity and inadequate nutritional intake. After glycogen and fat stores are depleted, protein stores will be catabolized in order to cover energy expenditure (Ocobock, 2017). In addition, inhibition of skeletal muscle protein synthesis and a preference to use muscle mass as an energy source (rather than fat mass) during hypoxia are both potential factors in exacerbating muscle wasting (Murray, 2009).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Body Composition and Body Weight Changes at Different Altitude Levels: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

et al. 2019

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Changes in body composition and weight loss frequently occur when humans are exposed to hypoxic environments. The mechanisms thought to be responsible for these changes are increased energy expenditure resulting from increased basal metabolic rate and/or high levels of physical activity, inadequate energy intake, fluid loss as well as gastrointestinal malabsorption. The severity of hypoxia, the duration of exposure as well as the level of physical activity also seem to play crucial roles in the final outcome. On one hand, excessive weight loss in mountaineers exercising at high altitudes may affect performance and climbing success. On the other, hypoxic conditioning is presumed to have an important therapeutic potential in weight management programs in overweight/obese people, especially in combination with exercise. In this regard, it is important to define the hypoxia effect on both body composition and weight change. The purpose of this study is to define, through the use of meta-analysis, the extent of bodyweight -and body composition changes within the three internationally classified altitude levels (moderate altitude: 1500–3500 m; high altitude: 3500–5300 m; extreme altitude: >5300 m), with emphasis on physical activity, nutrition, duration of stay and type of exposure.

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“…Recent work among highly active humans in a variety of natural environments revealed high TEE sustained over three to four months (Ocobock 2016a, 2016b, 2017). Subjects in this study took part in a variety of physical activities ranging in type and intensity and did so in temperate and cold environments.…”

Section: New Theories Regarding Human Energy Expenditurementioning

confidence: 99%

Human Energy Expenditure in Anthropology and Beyond

Ocobock

2020

American Anthropologist

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Humans have successfully inhabited every continent on this planet. Our ability to survive and thrive in such a wide range of environments is fascinating, particularly from an energetic perspective. As knowledge of human total energy expenditure (TEE, kcal day−1) has deepened, so too has the ability to interpret observable patterns in human metabolic physiology and apply these interpretations to our evolutionary history. This review examines the basic components of human TEE as well as the interactions among these components. This is followed by a discussion of two recent theories regarding limits on the amount of calories used and how those limits may mediate life‐history variables. Finally, this review provides a look ahead into the lesser explored areas of human TEE, suggesting future areas of research. The ability to measure how much energy humans expend and how they allocate that energy is a powerful tool that enables anthropologists to understand not only our past but also our present. [energy expenditure, thermoregulation, life history]

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Body fat attenuates muscle mass catabolism among physically active humans in temperate and cold high altitude environments

Abstract: These results suggests that during a negative energy balance dietary macronutrient content cannot abate the loss of muscle mass, but body fat may have a protective effect. This information should be used to improve individualized diets based on body composition, not body mass.

Cited by 24 publications

References 41 publications

The Modifications of Haemoglobin, Erythropoietin Values and Running Performance While Training at Mountain vs. Hilltop vs. Seaside

The Modifications of Haemoglobin, Erythropoietin Values and Running Performance While Training at Mountain vs. Hilltop vs. Seaside

Body Composition and Body Weight Changes at Different Altitude Levels: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

Human Energy Expenditure in Anthropology and Beyond

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