Body Image Perception and Self-Esteem among Pregnant Women in Saudi Arabia: A Cross Sectional Study

Abstract

Background: Women may experience sensations of increased weight and reduced attractiveness during pregnancy. This study aimed to evaluate the body-image perception and self-esteem of pregnant women in Saudi Arabia. Methods: We conducted a national cross-sectional survey among 651 Saudi pregnant women, from April to June 2023. The Rosenberg Self-esteem Scale (RSES) and the Body Image Questionnaire were used to assess self-esteem and body image satisfaction, respectively. The correlation between body image satisfaction and self-esteem was analyzed using Pearson’s correlation. Mean comparison tests (t-test and one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA)) were also used. Additionally, linear regression was utilized to analyze factors associated with each construct. Results: A strong positive correlation (r = 0.597) was observed between body satisfaction (mean score: 67 out of 95 [standard deviation (SD) = 12.04]) and self-esteem (mean score: 30.8 out of 40 [SD = 4.93]). Socioeconomic factors such as level of education and income, as well as smoking, and psychological and medical comorbidities, showed variable levels of association body image satisfaction and self-esteem. Moreover, self-esteem was found to be higher during respondents’ early weeks of pregnancy. The presence of psychological or medical comorbidity was independently associated with both body image and self-esteem, whereas education was found to be associated solely with self-esteem. Another model showed an independent positive relationship between body image and self-esteem. Conclusions: The current nationwide study showed a strong correlation between body satisfaction and self-esteem among pregnant Saudi women, with both scores being reasonably maintained. Initiatives aimed at smoking cessation and vigilant monitoring of pregnant women at risk for psychological and medical issues are essential to support their well-being. Furthermore, the need for exploring further culturally relevant factors is highlighted.