Body Mass Index And Inflammation In Depression And Treatment-Resistant Depression: A Mendelian Randomization Study

Abstract

Introduction: Major depressive disorder (MDD) has a significant impact on global burden of disease. Complications in clinical management can occur when response to pharmacological modalities is considered inadequate and symptoms persist (treatment-resistant depression (TRD)). We aim to investigate inflammation, proxied by C-reactive protein (CRP) levels, and body mass index (BMI) as putative causal risk factors for depression and subsequent treatment resistance, leveraging genetic information to avoid confounding via Mendelian Randomization (MR). Methods: We used the European UK Biobank subcohort (n = 451, 025), the mental health questionnaire (MHQ) and clinical records. For treatment resistance, a previously curated phenotype based on GP records and prescription data was employed. We applied univariable and multivariable MR models to genetically predict the exposures and assess their causal contribution to a range of depression outcomes . We used weak and pleiotropy, robust estimation techniques within univariable, multivariable and mediation MR models in order to address our research question with maximum rigour. In addition, we developed a novel statistical procedure to apply pleiotropy robust multivariable MR to one sample data and employed an unfamiliar bootstrap procedure to accurately quantify estimate uncertainty in mediation analysis which outperforms standard approaches. Results: In univariable MR models, genetically predicted BMI was positively associated with depression outcomes, including MDD and TRD, with a larger magnitude in women and with age acting as a moderator of the effect of BMI on PHQ9 (p = 0.011). Multivariable MR analyses suggested an independent causal effect of BMI on TRD not through CRP. Our mediation analyses suggested that the effect of CRP on PHQ9 was partly mediated by BMI. Individuals with TRD (n = 2, 199) observationally had higher CRP and BMI compared with individuals with MDD alone and healthy controls. A positive causal association was noted for both the exposures, but in multivariable analyses only BMI retained statistical significance at the 5% level. Discussion: Our work supportst the assertion BMI exerts a causal effect on a range of clinical and questionnaire-based depression phenotypes, with the effect being stronger in women and in younger individuals. We show that this effect is independent of inflammation proxied by CRP levels as the effects of CRP do not persist when jointly estimated with BMI. This is consistent with previous evidence suggesting that overweight contributed to depression even in the absence of any metabolic consequences. It appears that BMI exerts an effect on TRD that persists when we account for BMI influencing MDD.

Association of bariatric surgery with indicated and unintended outcomes: An umbrella review and meta‐analysis for risk–benefit assessment

“…This substantial decrease in adipose tissue could explain our results, given that obesity has been identified as a causal risk factor for most of the outcomes presented in our study. Mendelian randomization studies have confirmed that increased adiposity is causally associated with an increased risk of CVDs, 38 GI diseases, 39,40 depression, 41 cancers, 42,43 and reproductive conditions 44 …”