Body-Mass-Index Associated Differences in Ortho- and Retronasal Olfactory Function and the Individual Significance of Olfaction in Health and Disease

Besser, Gerold; Erlacher, Brigitte; Aydınkoç-Tuzcu, Kadriye; Liu, David T.; Pablik, Eleonore; Niebauer, Verena; Koenighofer, Martin; Renner, Bertold; Mueller, Christian A.

doi:10.3390/jcm9020366

Cited by 27 publications

(31 citation statements)

References 43 publications

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“…Their averaged global olfactory abilities, in terms of TDI (odor Threshold, Discrimination, Identification), were mostly higher than the 50th percentiles of the European population 35 , thus offering a satisfactory olfactory performance (see Supplementary Table S1). In line with previous reports [35][36][37][38] , we found considerable negative associations between TDI, age and BMI, but no association between TDI and gender. Similar insights came from correlations between olfactory subtest scores (OT = Odor Threshold, OD = Odor Discrimination, OI = Odor Identification), age and BMI where OT was inversely correlated with BMI, while OD was inversely correlated with both age and BMI.…”

Section: Resultssupporting

confidence: 92%

“…The mean FN level in the sample was 24.8 ± 11.5, in line with existing data on the Italian population (27.4 ± 11.7) 8 and a mean level of anxiety proneness of 39.9 ± 9.3, indicative of moderate anxiety (38)(39)(40)(41)(42)(43)(44) 34 . We did not observe significant correlations between age and FN (R = 0.16, p = 0.14), unlike trait anxiety where a negative correlation was detected (R = −0.28, p = 0.009).…”

Section: Resultssupporting

confidence: 87%

“…In our adult cohort, approximately a fifth of individuals showed high neophobic tendencies (FNS ≥ 36) 8 , consistent with known distributions for the Italian population (26.2%; Laureati et al 8 ). Surprisingly, we did not find differences for age, gender or BMI between FN levels, as previously documented 8,12,16,[19][20][21]38 , which is probably due to the smaller size of our cohort than the ones used by the aforementioned studies. However, this finding is advantageous in the present study as it allowed us to draw conclusions on the effects that FN may have on olfactory performances without possible confounders.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 53%

“…The STAI-T score, ranged theoretically from 20 to 80, was then obtained by the sum of the scores from the 20 statements with higher scores reflecting higher levels of anxiety proneness 34 . STAI-T scores are commonly classified as "no or low anxiety" (20-37), "moderate anxiety" (38)(39)(40)(41)(42)(43)(44), and "high anxiety" (45-80) 34 .…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Arousal influences olfactory abilities in adults with different degree of food neophobia

Menghi

Khomenko

Pedrotti

et al. 2020

Sci Rep

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Food neophobia, i.e., the aversion to novel foods, and olfaction are both factors strongly affecting food choices. Mounting evidence suggests a higher arousal towards food as a key factor underlying the reluctance to eat what is unfamiliar to us. As the role of olfaction behind this phenomenon is poorly understood, we explored the associations between food neophobia and trait anxiety, olfactory functions (odor threshold, discrimination and identification) and retronasal aroma release from a reference food in a healthy cohort of 83 adult volunteers. We grouped participants in Low-Neophobics or neophilics (n = 35), Medium-Neophobics (n = 32) and High-Neophobics (n = 16) according to the widely recognized Food Neophobia Scale. Participants with higher neophobic tendencies were found to have marginally higher trait anxiety levels than neophilics (p = 0.10). A lower global olfactory functioning and odor discrimination abilities characterized High-Neophobics, while Medium-Neophobics showed a higher odor sensitiveness than Low-Neophobics. Lastly, High-Neophobics showed a lower extent of retronasal aroma release, likely due to a shorter duration of oral processing and higher anxiety-related physiological responses (such as breathing rate). In summary, this study supports the assumption that the conflicting relationship that neophobics have with food may be led by higher levels of arousal toward foods, rather than different chemosensory functions.

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Section: Resultssupporting

confidence: 92%

Section: Resultssupporting

confidence: 87%

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 53%

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 2 more Smart Citations

Arousal influences olfactory abilities in adults with different degree of food neophobia

Menghi

Khomenko

Pedrotti

et al. 2020

Sci Rep

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“…Retronasal olfactory function was tested using the Candy-Smell-Test (CST) [17][18][19]. Validated in a 23-item version [17], in this study, we applied a 27-item version (for aromas and distractors, please see [20]). Candies were placed on the tongue and the target aroma had to be named out of a list of four possible answers.…”

Section: Olfactory Testsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Ortho- and retronasal olfactory performance in rhinosurgical procedures: a longitudinal comparative study

Besser

Liu

Sharma

et al. 2020

Eur Arch Otorhinolaryngol

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Purpose Testing olfaction should be an integral part of a clinical work-up in rhinosurgical procedures. Importantly, intact olfactory experience also includes retronasally perceived odors (retronasal olfaction). This study aimed at comprehensively assessing olfaction in patients undergoing rhinosurgical procedures in a comparative manner and evaluating relations to patient-reported outcome measurements (PROMs). Methods Each nostril odor threshold and discrimination, and birhinal identification were tested using Sniffin' Sticks in 14 subjects assigned for septoplasty (SP), 21 for septorhinoplasty (SRP), and 30 for endoscopic sinus surgery (ESS). The 27-Candy-Smell-Test was used to quantify retronasal abilities. Tests were repeated 3 months after surgery. Results Olfactory dysfunction was preoperatively present in 21% of SP, in 47.6% of SRP, and in 80% of ESS patients. Odor threshold side differences were most frequently found in SRP. Frequently, SRP and ESS patients showed severely impaired retronasal olfaction. Half of included subjects re-visited after 3 months, but olfactory function did not improve overall and rarely on an individual basis to a meaningful extent. Subjective ratings on nasal patency and PROMs were not associated with olfaction nor with changes in olfactory scores. Conclusion Olfactory function can decisively be impaired a priori not only in patients awaiting sinus surgery, but also in those assigned for functional septorhinoplasty. This impairment may not improve in the short term, which has to be taken into account in patient counseling. This study adds to the current literature on olfaction in rhinosurgery with the extension of retronasal testing.

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International consensus statement on allergy and rhinology: Olfaction

Patel

Holbrook

Turner

et al. 2022

Int Forum Allergy Rhinol

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Background:The literature regarding clinical olfaction, olfactory loss, and olfactory dysfunction has expanded rapidly over the past two decades, with an exponential rise in the past year. There is substantial variability in the quality of this literature and a need to consolidate and critically review the evidence. It is with that aim that we have gathered experts from around the world to produce this International Consensus on Allergy and Rhinology: Olfaction (ICAR:O). Methods: Using previously described methodology, specific topics were developed relating to olfaction. Each topic was assigned a literature review, evidence-based review, or evidence-based review with recommendations format as dictated by available evidence and scope within the ICAR:O document. Following iterative reviews of each topic, the ICAR:O document was integrated and reviewed by all authors for final consensus. Results:The ICAR:O document reviews nearly 100 separate topics within the realm of olfaction, including diagnosis, epidemiology, disease burden, diagnosis, testing, etiology, treatment, and associated pathologies. Conclusion:This critical review of the existing clinical olfaction literature provides much needed insight and clarity into the evaluation, diagnosis, and treatment of patients with olfactory dysfunction, while also clearly delineating gaps in our knowledge and evidence base that we should investigate further.

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Body-Mass-Index Associated Differences in Ortho- and Retronasal Olfactory Function and the Individual Significance of Olfaction in Health and Disease

Cited by 27 publications

References 43 publications

Arousal influences olfactory abilities in adults with different degree of food neophobia

Arousal influences olfactory abilities in adults with different degree of food neophobia

Ortho- and retronasal olfactory performance in rhinosurgical procedures: a longitudinal comparative study

International consensus statement on allergy and rhinology: Olfaction

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