Body size and developmental  temperature in Drosophila simulans:  comparison of reaction norms with  sympatric Drosophila melanogaster

Morin, JP; Moreteau, B.; Pétavy, G.; Ag, Imasheva; David, JR

doi:10.1051/gse:19960502

Cited by 18 publications

(39 citation statements)

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“…Previous investigations, however, demonstrated that the thermal range of Afrotropical D. melanogaster is very close to that of the temperate strains (Cohet et al 1980), so that comparing a European population of this species with the tropical D. ananassae is not a major problem. An interesting point is that thermal tolerance seems to be related to phylogeny: changing the thermal tolerance in Drosophila appears so far to be a difficult evolutionary event, which is clearly observed between distantly related species but not much between allopatrie populations or even sibling species (Cohet et al 1980;David et al 1983;Morin et al 1996). At the individual level, wing and thorax length are positively correlated in all species investigated Barker and Krebs 1995;Morin et al 1996).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…An interesting point is that thermal tolerance seems to be related to phylogeny: changing the thermal tolerance in Drosophila appears so far to be a difficult evolutionary event, which is clearly observed between distantly related species but not much between allopatrie populations or even sibling species (Cohet et al 1980;David et al 1983;Morin et al 1996). At the individual level, wing and thorax length are positively correlated in all species investigated Barker and Krebs 1995;Morin et al 1996). Also, when species of very different size are compared, a strong correlation due to an allometric constraint is observed (Reiss 1989): moving a heavier body needs larger wings, but also bigger flight muscles included in a larger thorax.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Numerous publications have dealt with this problem (Via andLande 1985, 1987;Scheiner andLyman 1989, 1991;De long 1990De long , 1995Scheiner et al 1991;Gomulkiewicz and Kirkpatrick 1992;Weber and Scheiner 1992;Gavrilets and Scheiner 1993;Scheiner 1993a,b;Via 1993Via , 1994Van Tienderen and Koelewijn 1994;Via et al 1995), but experimental data are quite scarce. The problem of empirical analyses is complicated by the fact that, when investigated over a broad thermal range, the phenotypic response curves (i.e., the reaction norms) are nonlinear (David et al 1983(David et al , 1990Delpuech et al 1995;Morin et al 1996) and need specific descriptive models. Following Gavrilets and Scheiner (1993), a consensus seems now to exist (Via et al 1995) for using polynomial adjustments as a descriptive tool.…”

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REACTION NORMS OF MORPHOLOGICAL TRAITS INDROSOPHILA: ADAPTIVE SHAPE CHANGES IN A STENOTHERM CIRCUMTROPICAL SPECIES?

et al. 1997

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Abstract.-Reaction norms of wing length, thorax length, and ovariole number were studied according to growth temperature in the circumtropical Drosophila ananassae, and compared to similar data from the cosmopolitan D. melanogaster. In the two species convex reaction norms were observed, but they were not parallel and sometimes exhibited intersections either at high (wing) or at low (thorax) temperature. On average, D. ananassae may be considered as a species with a bigger thorax but shorter wings than D. melanogaster. The shapes of reaction norms were analyzed and compared after quadratic polynomial adjustments. Significant differences were observed, in several cases between polynomial parameters, and in all cases between characteristic points that is, Maximum Value (MV) and Temperature of Maximum Value (TMV). The wing/thorax ratio may also be considered as a specific trait related to wing loading. Major differences were observed between the two species for the mean value and the shape of the response curves of this trait. The main observation of this work was however a shift of TMV s for wing and thorax length and ovariole number in D. ananassae toward higher temperatures. These variations in the reaction norms corresponded to a shift in the species thermal range, suggesting that temperature adaptation was accompanied by a modification of the shape of the response curves.Key words.-Drosophila ananassae, Drosophila melanogaster, ovariole number, phenotypic plasticity, temperature, thorax length, wing length.Received November 7, 1996. Accepted April 14, 1997.For ectothermic organisms like Drosophila, temperature is a most important factor of the environment. Adaptation to temperature appears to be involved in the geographic distribution of species (David and Tsacas 1981), and in latitudinal clines observed for various traits in several species (David et al. 1983). In the laboratory, populations kept for many generations at different temperatures also exhibited quantitative divergences (David et al. 1983;Cavicchi et al. 1985;Partridge et al. 1994), generally parallel to those observed in clines.In D. melanogaster, several morphometrical traits, including body size, ovariole number, and bristle number, exhibit likely adaptive latitudinal clines (Capy et al. 1993(Capy et al. , 1994. Up to now, most laboratory analyses of natural populations were, however, characterized by an experimental oversimplification: comparisons were made by rearing strains at a single temperature, generally 25°C. On the other hand, average temperature is high in the tropics, sometimes above 25°C, while in temperate areas it is lower than 20°C, and moreover cyclic thermal variations are observed during the year.If quantitative traits are to be investigated at various temperatures, significant variations due to phenotypic plasticity may be observed (David et al. 1983). This raises a major problem: can plasticity be considered as a specific trait, submitted to natural selection, or is it just a developmental byproduct resulting from unknown in...

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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confidence: 99%

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REACTION NORMS OF MORPHOLOGICAL TRAITS INDROSOPHILA: ADAPTIVE SHAPE CHANGES IN A STENOTHERM CIRCUMTROPICAL SPECIES?

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“…These experiments used only two environments (two developmental temperatures) so that linear reaction norms were considered. However, when analysed over a broad thermal range, reaction norms of a range of quantitative traits, including size traits Morin et al, 1996), ovariole number (Delpuech et al, 1995), bristle number (Moreteau et al, 2002) and body pigmentation (David et al, 1990;Gibert et al, 1996Gibert et al, , 2000 are never linear. A general method for analysing and describing the shape of a reaction norm is a polynomial relationship and both quadratic or cubic forms can be used Gibert et al, 1998a).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Significant differences between family means are generally considered to have a genetical basis, and intraclass correlation provides an estimate of the genetic variability (Capy et al, 1994). By extension, variations of characteristic values are assumed also to have a genetic basis Morin et al, 1996).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Phenotypic plasticity of body pigmentation in Drosophila melanogaster: Genetic repeatability of quantitative parameters in two successive generations

2004

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In Drosophila melanogaster, body pigmentation is a quantitative trait that depends on developmental temperature. When investigated over the whole thermal range of the species, pigmentation exhibits nonlinear reaction norms that differ among segments. The isofemale line method was used to analyse the genetic variability in two natural populations that affected the shape of reaction norms. Each line was considered as an experimental repeat, and polynomial reaction norms fitted to calculate the characteristic values (eg the coordinates of a maximum). In total, 20 lines from two geographically distant populations (France and India) were investigated at seven developmental temperatures (12-311C) in two successive generations (G2 and G3). We analysed the genetic repeatability (ie the correlation between generations) of three kinds of parameters: intraclass correlation coefficients (isofemale heritability), family means at different temperatures and the characteristic values of the reaction norms. For intraclass correlation, a low genetic repeatability was found. For family mean values grown at various temperatures, an overall positive and highly significant repeatability was found (r ¼ 0.5570.024). Finally, a positive significant G2-G3 correlation was also the rule for the characteristic values of the reaction norms. Significant differences could be found between values describing either the trait or its plasticity, but with no general trend. A slightly higher repeatability was observed in the Indian population. These results show that, with a family selection design, the shape of the reaction norms might be modified in various ways.

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Comparative analysis of morphological traits among Drosophila melanogaster and D. simulans: genetic variability, clines and phenotypic plasticity

Gibert¹,

Capy²,

Ag³

et al. 2004

Drosophila Melanogaster, Drosophila Simulans: So Similar, So Different

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The two sibling cosmopolitan species, Drosophila melanogaster and D. simulans, are able to proliferate under very different climatic conditions. This has resulted in local adaptations, which are often arranged in latitudinal clines. Such clines are documented for body weight, wing and thorax length, stemopleural and abdominal bristle number, ovariole number and thoracic pigmentation. The overall magnitude of geographical differentiation is, however, much less in D. simulans than in D. melanogaster, and latitudinal clines are less pronounced.The fact that natural populations live under different climates raises the problem of interaction between temperature and phenotype. The reaction norms of morpho metrical traits have been investigated as a function of growth temperature. The shapes of the response curves vary according to the investigated trait. They are generally curvilinear and can be described by calculating characteristic values after polynomial adjustments. For a given trait, the reaction norms of the two species are similar in their shape, although some significant differences may be observed.Within each species, significant differences are also observed between geographic populations: reaction norms are not parallel and the divergence is better marked when more distant populations (e.g., temperate and tropical) are compared. It thus appears that besides mean trait value, phenotypic plasticity is also a target of natural selection.A specific analysis of wing shape variation according to growth temperature was also undertaken. Reaction norms with different shapes may be observed in various parts of the wing: the major effect is found between the basis and the tip of the wing, but in a similar way in the two species. By contrast, some ratios, called wing indices by taxonomists, may exhibit completely different reaction norms in the two species.For a single developmental temperature (25°C) the phenotypic variability of morphometrical traits is generally similar in the two species, and also the genetic variability, estimated by the intraclass correlation. A difference exists, however, for the ovariole number which is less variable in D. simulans. Variance parameters may vary according to growth temperature, and a detailed analysis was made on wing dimensions. An increase of environmental variability at extreme, heat or cold temperatures, has been found in both species. Opposite trends were, however, observed for the genetic variability: a maximum heritability in D. simulans at middle temperatures, corresponding to a minimum heritability in D. melanogaster. Whether such a difference exists for other traits and in other populations deserves further investigations.In conclusion, morphometrical analyses reveal a large amount of significant differences which may be related to speciation and to the divergence of ecological niches. Within each species, numerous geographic variations are also observed which, in most cases, reflect some kinds of climatic adaptation.

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Body size and developmental temperature in Drosophila simulans: comparison of reaction norms with sympatric Drosophila melanogaster

Abstract: Summary -Reaction norms of two size-related traits (wing and thorax length) were analyzed in relation to growth temperature in a French natural population of Drosophila simulans, using the isofemale lines method. The wing/thorax ratio was also studied.

Cited by 18 publications

References 4 publications

REACTION NORMS OF MORPHOLOGICAL TRAITS INDROSOPHILA: ADAPTIVE SHAPE CHANGES IN A STENOTHERM CIRCUMTROPICAL SPECIES?

REACTION NORMS OF MORPHOLOGICAL TRAITS INDROSOPHILA: ADAPTIVE SHAPE CHANGES IN A STENOTHERM CIRCUMTROPICAL SPECIES?

Phenotypic plasticity of body pigmentation in Drosophila melanogaster: Genetic repeatability of quantitative parameters in two successive generations

Comparative analysis of morphological traits among Drosophila melanogaster and D. simulans: genetic variability, clines and phenotypic plasticity

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