Body weight gain in free-living Pima Indians: effect of energy intake vs expenditure

Tataranni, P. Antonio; Harper, Ian S.; Snitker, Søren; Parigi, Angelo Del; Vozarova, Barbora; Bunt, Joy C.; Bogardus, Clifton; Ravussin, Éric

doi:10.1038/sj.ijo.0802469

Cited by 163 publications

(139 citation statements)

References 33 publications

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“…Very few longitudinal data exist but our analysis and conclusions are consistent with observations that weight gain by individual Pima Indians over a 4-year interval was not correlated to their initial levels of physical activity energy expenditure, but rather positively linked to their total energy intake. 59 Our analysis of human energy demands relative to those of wild mammals is discrepant with a previous comparison that concluded humans have lower energy demands than expected. 32 The reason for this discrepancy is because the previous study compared PAL values between humans and other species, but did not account for the effects of body mass on PAL.…”

Section: Discussioncontrasting

confidence: 99%

Physical activity energy expenditure has not declined since the 1980s and matches energy expenditures of wild mammals

2008

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Objective: Obesity results from protracted energy imbalance. Whether this comprises excessive energy intake, lowered physical activity or both, remains disputed. Design: Physical activity energy expenditure, evaluated in three different ways from daily energy expenditure (DEE) measured using doubly labelled water, was examined for trends over time. Data included subjects in Europe (Maastricht, the Netherlands) and North America extending back to the 1980s. These data were compared with measures from the third world, and measures made on wild terrestrial mammals. Results: Physical activity expenditure in Europe (residual of the regression of DEE on basal energy expenditure (BEE)) has slightly but significantly increased since the 1980s. There was no trend over time in physical activity level (PAL ¼ DEE/BEE), or in the residual variance in DEE once mass, sex and age were accounted for. This latter index of physical activity expenditure also significantly increased over time in North America. DEE of individuals in Europe and North America was not significantly different from individuals measured in the third world. In wild terrestrial mammals, DEE mostly depended on body mass and ambient temperature. Predicted DEE for a 78 kg mammal living at 20 1C was 9.2 MJ per day (95% CI: 7.9-12.9 MJ per day), not significantly different from the measured DEE of modern humans (around 10.2-12.6 MJ per day). Conclusion: As physical activity expenditure has not declined over the same period that obesity rates have increased dramatically, and daily energy expenditure of modern man is in line with energy expenditure in wild mammals, it is unlikely that decreased expenditure has fuelled the obesity epidemic.

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Section: Discussioncontrasting

confidence: 99%

Physical activity energy expenditure has not declined since the 1980s and matches energy expenditures of wild mammals

2008

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“…This amount of energy is approximately equal to walking for more than 60 min day À1 . As previously hypothesised 11,43 and recently demonstrated 19 dietary intake may be the major contributor to a positive energy balance, gain in FM and thus obesity in humans. Given that both groups in the present study gained in BW and FM without any mean change in activity level over the 4-year 'follow up' period, the amount of activity did not seem to be sufficient to offset the influence of other factors such as dietary intake on a positive energy balance.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 73%

“…25 Thus, the behavioural component of activity may not be captured when PAEE is measured by the DLW method, which may then explain the nonsignificant prospective associations previously observed between activity energy expenditure and gain in FM. [15][16][17][18][19] The impact of exercise intensity on change in body composition is equivocal. [20][21][22][23] Our results suggest that change in overall activity, but not change in any of the subcomponents of activity, is inversely associated with change in FM.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Most studies incorporating an objective measure of PA have been unable to demonstrate a prospective association between PA or PAEE and change in BW or FM. [15][16][17][18][19] One recent study has suggested a prospective association between PA and change in FM but this association was modified by age. 20 Furthermore, the potential impact of exercise intensity on change in BW and FM remains elusive, [21][22][23][24] and it is not known which if any of the subcomponents of free-living PA contributes more to change in BW and FM.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Does physical activity equally predict gain in fat mass among obese and nonobese young adults?

et al. 2006

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Background: Differences in energy metabolism and physical activity (PA) may contribute to the long-term regulation of body weight (BW). Objective: To examine the associations between metabolic determinants, energy expenditure and objectively measured components of PA with change in BW and fat mass (FM). Design: Prospective (4 years.), case-control study in obese (n ¼ 13) and normal weight (n ¼ 15) young adults. Measurements: At baseline, we measured resting metabolic rate, substrate oxidation, movement economy (ml O 2 kg À1 min À1 ), aerobic fitness (VO 2max ), total and PA energy expenditure by doubly labelled water, and PA by accelerometry. Fat mass was measured by DXA. At follow-up we repeated our measurements of PA and FM. Results: Fat mass increased significantly (Po0.001) in both groups. Physical activity did not change between baseline and 'follow up'. Change in overall PA (counts per minute) was inversely associated with change in BW and (b ¼ À0.0124, P ¼ 0.054) and FM (b ¼ À0.008, P ¼ 0.04). Post hoc analyses suggested that this association was explained by changes in the normal weight group only (b ¼ À0.01; P ¼ 0.008; and b ¼ À0.0097; P ¼ 0.009, for BW and FM, respectively). Metabolic determinants, energy expenditure estimates and subcomponents of PA (i.e. time spent at different intensity levels) were not significantly associated with change in BW or FM. Conclusion: Our results suggest an independent association between PA and FM. However, this association may differ depending on obesity status. The gain in FM, without any change in PA, may suggest that dietary intake is the major contributor to the positive energy balance.

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“…9 Of importance to the current discussion is the finding that high levels of total energy intake (from eating) and low resting metabolic rate, adjusted for body mass, significantly predicted weight gain over several years. 10 These findings suggest that weight gain is partially determined by metabolic factors, but that ingestive behavior, i.e., eating more than is needed for body weight maintenance, may also function as a significant determinant of weight gain in humans.…”

Section: Weight Gain and The Development Of Compensatory Behaviorsmentioning

confidence: 89%

Does the evidence point to a binge eating phenotype?: Comment on Gordon et al. (2007) and Wonderlich et al. (2007)

Williamson

2007

Int. J. Eat. Disord.

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The article by Gordon et al. 1 presents a very understandable description of taxometric analyses. These writers are to be commended for taking this complex topic and making it comprehensible to those who are not experts in the field of taxometrics and classification research. Gordon et al. 1 conclude that the results of taxometric studies suggest the existence of three diagnostic groups, bulimia nervosa, anorexia nervosa, restricting type, and binge eating disorder. They recommend conceptualizing bulimia nervosa and binge eating disorder as categorical classes, but conceptualize anorexia nervosa as a dimensional or continuous entity. Wonderlich et al. 2 take a step back from the esoteric specifics of classification research and note that conclusions about the validity of any classification scheme will necessarily involve a series of value laden decisions.Both articles 1,2 report on recent scientific findings related to the validity of classification schemes of eating disorders. Wonderlich et al. suggest a comprehensive research strategy for validating eating disorder classification models. Both articles 1,2 observe that eating disorders involving binge eating can be conceptualized as qualitatively distinct types or classes and they conclude that psychopathological and personality features other than frank eating disorder symptoms, e.g., concern with body size/shape, binge eating, purging, and restrictive eating, are important aspects of eating disorder diagnoses. Factor Analytic Studies of Eating Disorder SymptomsEight factor analytic studies of eating disorder symptoms 3 have yielded findings that are relevant to the conclusions of the Gordon and Wonderlich articles. All of the factor analytic studies that included measures of ''general psychopathology'' found a very strong and stable factor that reflected personality characteristics and ''neurotic'' symptoms, e.g., mood disturbances, anxiety, obsessive thinking. The factor analytic solutions indicated that this ''general psychopathology'' factor was separate and distinct from other factors that reflected symptoms generally regarded as specific to eating disorders, e.g., binge eating, restrictive eating, fear of fatness, and drive for thinness. These findings suggest that a diagnostic model that only specifies personality characteristics, e.g., the model of Figure 1d in the Wonderlich article, would be inadequate to capture a complete set of relevant features of the eating disorders. The results also suggest that classification models that ignore personality and general psychopathology features of eating disorders, e.g., the models of Figures 1a, 1b, and 1c, will also be inadequate. In my view, the personality features of eating disorders can be viewed as conditions that sometimes accompany the more specific behavioral and attitudinal features of eating disorders. A second consistent finding of the factor analytic studies was the presence of a strong and stable binge eating/bulimic behaviors factor. The fact that binge eating has also been identified as a late...

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Body weight gain in free-living Pima Indians: effect of energy intake vs expenditure

Cited by 163 publications

References 33 publications

Physical activity energy expenditure has not declined since the 1980s and matches energy expenditures of wild mammals

Physical activity energy expenditure has not declined since the 1980s and matches energy expenditures of wild mammals

Does physical activity equally predict gain in fat mass among obese and nonobese young adults?

Does the evidence point to a binge eating phenotype?: Comment on Gordon et al. (2007) and Wonderlich et al. (2007)

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