BOF process dynamics

Abstract

The Basic Oxygen Furnace (BOF) process is an exceedingly fast refining process needing a good dynamic model for better understanding and dynamic control. The process is characterised by reactions at multiple scales: at the scale of the metal bath and the slag and at the scales of droplets and bubbles. The reactions take place at multiple sites too. The presence of the supersonic jet interacting with the metal bath and the slag layer, producing various sizes of drops in the emulsion which on reaction produce copious bubbles at its interface, lime dissolution issues, etc., make the description of the dynamics of the process complex and fascinating. There are still areas where an adequate quantitative description needs further research.

Droplet Heat Transfer in Oxygen Steelmaking

“…The droplet size is an important parameter that provides a larger surface area for heat transfer between slag and metal. For a top blown steelmaking process, the drop size distribution from different sampling methods [6,[11][12][13][14][15][16][17][18] shows that the diameter of droplets varies from 0.016 to 6 mm. Dogan [19] investigated the effect of droplet size on kinetics by estimating the interfacial surface area.…”

Industrial Application of Bottom–Blown CO2 in Basic Oxygen Furnace Steelmaking Process

“…Therefore, the participation of CO 2 in the decarburization reaction in the smelting process can provide carbon monoxide bubbles with twice the volume of the molten pool, enhance the mixing capacity of the molten pool and the slag-steel reaction interface, accelerate the mass transfer of this reaction interface, and facilitate dephosphorization and denitrification [56][57][58] while reducing end-point carbon and oxygen accumulation. [59][60][61] According to the research results of our laboratory, the utilization ratio of CO 2 reacting with carbon in the metal solution is mainly affected by the carbon content in the metal solution and the temperature of the molten pool. The utilization ratio of CO 2 at the same temperature is shown in Figure 2.…”

Model Predictive Control Application in the Energy Saving Technology of Basic Oxygen Furnace

“…where ktact number, n i хE the state of the object, (6) The dynamic properties of the actuators was introduced into the MPC-controller as the constraints on the input values (Fig. 2).…”

“…Automation of the BOF involves obtaining high quality steel, which is possible while achieving the desired chemical composition and metal temperature [2,6]. This condition is ensured by controlling the flow of oxygen and the position of the lance of the oxygen converter, so solving the problem of controlling the purge of the converter bath is the main task.…”