Bond graph modeling of a typical flapping wing micro-air-vehicle with the elastic articulated wings

Karimian, Saeed; Jahanbin, Zahra

doi:10.1007/s11012-020-01162-w

Cited by 9 publications

(4 citation statements)

References 12 publications

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“…Yang [8] employed the unsteady vortex lattice method to calculate the aerodynamic force of the folding ornithopter and employed an optimization algorithm to optimize the shape and motion parameters to maximize the average lift. Karimian [9] applied a simple two-dimensional lift line model and a linear beam element model to study the aeroelastic model of a flapping wing with folding. He found that a wing with folding motion can improve flight performance and propulsion efficiency, and that the phase of the movement of the outer wing has a great influence on aerodynamic performance.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Effect of Spanwise Folding on the Aerodynamic Performance of a Passively Deformed Flapping Wing

Qi,

Ding,

Zhu

et al. 2024

Biomimetics

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The wings of birds exhibit multi-degree-of-freedom motions during flight. Among them, the flapping folding motion and chordwise passive deformation of the wings are prominent features of large birds in flight, contributing to their exceptional flight capabilities. This article presents a method for the fast and accurate calculation of folding passive torsional flapping wings in the early design stage. The method utilizes the unsteady three-dimensional panel method to solve the aerodynamic force and the linear beam element model to analyze the fluid–structure coupling problem. Performance comparisons of folding flapping wings with different kinematics are conducted, and the effects of various kinematic parameters on folding flapping wings are analyzed. The results indicate that kinematic parameters significantly influence the lift coefficient, thrust coefficient, and propulsion efficiency. Selecting the appropriate kinematic and geometric parameters is crucial for enhancing the efficiency of the folding flapping wing.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Effect of Spanwise Folding on the Aerodynamic Performance of a Passively Deformed Flapping Wing

Qi,

Ding,

Zhu

et al. 2024

Biomimetics

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“…The motion of the two-section wings is closer to the real flight of birds since they have flapping, twisting and folding movements. Karimian and Jahanbin (2020) developed a new hybrid mechanism based on the bond graph approach for an elastic two-section flapping wing, whereby the twisting angles of the wing sections could be set. They evaluated the overall performance of the wings by calculating the average of lift, thrust and input and loading powers and could enhance the propulsive efficiency by 15%.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Ground effect on the aerodynamics of a flapping wing in forward flight: an experimental study

Arasteh

Azargoon

Djavareshkian

2022

AEAT

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Purpose Ground effect is one of the important factors in the enhancement of wing aerodynamic performance. This study aims to investigate the aerodynamic forces and performance of a flapping wing with the bending deflection angel under the ground effect. Design/methodology/approach In this study, the wing and flapping mechanism were designed and manufactured based on the seagull flight and then assembled. It is worth noting that this mechanism is capable of wing bending in the upstroke flight as big birds. Finally, the model was examined at bending deflection angles of 0° and 107° and different distances from the surface, flapping frequencies and velocities in forward flight in a wind tunnel. Findings The results revealed that the aerodynamic performance of flapping wings in forward flight improved due to the ground effect. The effect of the bending deflection mechanism on lift generation was escalated when the flapping wing was close to the surface, where the maximum power loading occurred. Practical implications Flapping wings have many different applications, such as maintenance, traffic control, pollution monitoring, meteorology and high-risk operations. Unlike fixed-wing micro aerial vehicles, flapping wings are capable of operating in very-low Reynolds-number flow regimes. On the other hand, ground effect poses positive impacts on the provision of aerodynamic forces in the take-off process. Originality/value Bending deflection in the flapping motion and ground effect are two influential factors in the enhancement of the aerodynamic performance of flapping wings. The combined effects of these two factors have not been studied yet, which is addressed in this study.

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“…Their kinematic study verified the flapping, span reduction and twist motions produced by the wing. From a theoretical perspective, Karimian and Jahanbin (27) developed a bond graph-based model to analyse a two-section flapping wing. The authors showed that the performance of the designed articulated wing model could be improved by changing the phase in flapping, second-part stiffness, flapping amplitude, frequency and wind speed.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Realisation and testing of novel fully articulated bird-inspired flapping wings for efficient and agile UAVs

et al. 2021

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Large birds have evolved an effective wing anatomy and mechanics, enabling airborne mastery of manoeuvres and endurance. For these very reasons, they are difficult to replicate and study. The aim of the present work is to achieve active wing articulations to mimic natural bird flapping towards efficient and agile Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAVs). The proposed design, bio-mimicking the black-headed gull, Larus ridibundus, has three active and independent servo-controlled wing joints at the shoulder, elbow and wrist to achieve complex controls. The construction of the wing is realised through a polymeric skin and carbon fibre–epoxy composite spars and ribs. The wing movements (flapping, span reduction and twisting) envelopes of the full-scale robotic gull (Robogull) are examined using the Digital Image Correlation (DIC) technique and laser displacement sensing. Its aerodynamic performance was evaluated in a wind tunnel at various flapping parameters, wind speeds and angles of attack. It is observed that a flapping amplitude of 45 $^\circ$ is more favourable than 90 $^\circ$ for generating higher lift and thrust, while also depending on the presence of span reduction, twist and wind speed. The model performs better at a flying velocity of 4m/s as compared with 8m/s. Both lift and thrust are high at a higher flapping frequency of 2.5Hz. Combined variation of the flapping frequency and stroke ratio should be considered for better aerodynamic performance. The combination of a lower stroke ratio of 0.5 with a flapping frequency of 2.5Hz generates higher lift and thrust than other combinations. Span reduction and wing twist notably and independently enhance lift and thrust, respectively. An increase in the angle-of-attack increases lift but decreases thrust. The model can also generate a significant rolling moment when set at a bank angle of 20 $^\circ$ and operated with independently controlled flapping amplitudes for the wings (45 $^\circ$ for the left wing and 90 $^\circ$ for the right wing). Based on the optimal values for the flapping amplitude (45 $^\circ$ ), flapping frequency (2.5Hz) and flying velocity (4m/s), the Strouhal number (St) of the Robogull model is 0.24, lying in the optimal range ( $0.2 < \mathrm{St} < 0.4$ ) for natural flyers and swimmers.

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Bond graph modeling of a typical flapping wing micro-air-vehicle with the elastic articulated wings

Cited by 9 publications

References 12 publications

The Effect of Spanwise Folding on the Aerodynamic Performance of a Passively Deformed Flapping Wing

The Effect of Spanwise Folding on the Aerodynamic Performance of a Passively Deformed Flapping Wing

Ground effect on the aerodynamics of a flapping wing in forward flight: an experimental study

Realisation and testing of novel fully articulated bird-inspired flapping wings for efficient and agile UAVs

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