“…Meanwhile, among many types, CFST columns using circular steel tubes are considered more effective in obtaining high compressive strength and ductility. In the previous study on circular CFST columns, primary research focuses include diameter-to-thickness ratio of the steel tube (Sakino et al, 2004;Han et al, 2005;Gupta et al, 2007;Abed et al, 2013), concrete strength (Giakoumelis and Lam, 2004;Yu et al, 2007;Lam and Gardner, 2008), bond behavior between steel tube and concrete (Xue et al, 2012;Liao et al, 2013;Tao et al, 2016;Chen et al, 2017), etc. Many studies conclude that the confinement effect from the exterior steel tube to the infill concrete is the key parameter in CFST columns and various means to enhance the confinement effect have been reported (Hu et al, 2011;Ho and Lai, 2013;Lai and Ho, 2015;He et al, 2018;Shen et al, 2019).…”