Bonded-in Rods in Beech Glulam - Efficiency of a Recess in the Bondline

Franke, Steffen; Franke, Bettina; Salenikovich, Alexander

doi:10.52202/069179-0205

Cited by 4 publications

(8 citation statements)

References 2 publications

(6 reference statements)

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“…Our beech results are comparable with the reference values obtained from the literature. Table 5 shows that both the MOE and MOR exceed the presented values in the study reported by Franke [6]. The difference between the results may be because Franke applied higher spans on larger CLT panels, in addition to more layers.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 56%

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The Bending Properties of Hybrid Cross-Laminated Timber (CLT) Using Various Species Combinations

Altaher Omer Ahmed,

Garab,

Horváth-Szováti

et al. 2023

Materials

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Cross-laminated timber (CLT) has become a massive commercial success in recent years due to its high performance, technological advantages, and low environmental impact. The finite softwood raw material supply has motivated researchers to find alternatives. This study presents an investigation of the viability of some Hungarian hardwood materials, such as CLT materials. Homogeneous beech, poplar, and spruce panels, as well as their combinations, were created using a polyurethane adhesive. The experimental results show the clear potential of Hungarian poplar, which performed much better than spruce. Poplar’s modulus of elasticity (MOE) and modulus of rupture (MOR) values reached or exceeded those of high-grade commercial softwood CLT. The bending properties of beech and hybrid beech–poplar panels far exceeded the performance of commercial panels, which shows the excellent potential of high-density hardwoods for high-performance CLT production. Beech–spruce hybrid panels seriously underperformed. This was caused by gluing issues, probably due to the large density differences between the two species, as evidenced by the glueline failure exhibited by most of these specimens during testing. The average panel density proved to be the best predictor of mechanical performance, except for beech–spruce hybrid panels.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 56%

“…As experimental and theoretical results have revealed, beech and hybrid poplar-beech CLT have tremendous potential for structural performance in the construction and building sector. Hardwood, with its good mechanical properties, may be the key to creating long-span and high-stress timber constructions [6][7][8].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Bending Properties of Hybrid Cross-Laminated Timber (CLT) Using Various Species Combinations

Altaher Omer Ahmed,

Garab,

Horváth-Szováti

et al. 2023

Materials

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“…The provision of an unbonded length close to the loaded end of the rod has been shown to increase the axial pullout capacity by shifting the longitudinal shear stress distribution in the timber-adhesive interface away from the end grain, where there would otherwise be a local concentration, decreasing the likelihood of timber splitting [2]. Franke et al [7] showed that an unbonded length of 2d prevented timber splitting and reduced experimental scatter, and a greater unbonded length of 5d markedly increased the pull-out capacity on top of this. The recently published EN 17334:2021 [10] provides specific guidance for glued-in rod connections regarding universal testing, design, and manufacturing of glued-in rods.…”

Section: Research Into Glued-in Rodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…There are numerous potential modes of failure with this connection type, including longitudinal shear failure in the adhesive, timber-adhesive interface, steel-adhesive interface or in the timber surrounding the adhesive; timber splitting due to short rod-edge or rod-rod distances (particularly with lateral rod loading); or tensile yield failure of the rod or the timber cross-section [2]. The ductile failure mode of steel rod yielding is always preferred over the other brittle failure modes [7]. As a result, all relevant failure modes should be assessed during design, and rod yielding must be the critical one.…”

Section: Introduction 234 1general Overview Of Glued-in Rodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Assessment of Combined Effects of Axial and Lateral Loading of Glued-in Rod Connections in LVL

Fawcett

Toumpanaki

2023

World Conference on Timber Engineering (WCTE 2023)

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Glued-in rod connections for timber offer improved strength, stiffness, aesthetics and fire performance compared to bolts and dowels. Extensive investigations have been done into the pull-out capacity of rods under pure axial load, however the capacity and stiffness of laterally loaded rods, particularly when combined with axial loading, is underresearched, with further investigation being crucial as nearly all connections are subject to this combination. The provision of an unbonded length has been shown to increase pull-out capacity, but its effect on laterally loaded rods has not been investigated. Investigations also often use softwoods over hardwoods. As a result, design codes lack informed guidance for laterally loaded rods and underestimate the capacity of rods in hardwood. In this study, 15 Beech LVL specimens with steel rods glued in with epoxy adhesive were subjected to varying ratios of axial to lateral load, to study the combined effects. The introduction of lateral load had no effect on axial capacity with a governing failure mode of rod yielding. The lateral capacity exceeded the design code prediction by 92%, and alternative parameters and equations were presented and discussed for more accurate estimation.

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“…In this framework, the importance of CLT panels has become so relevant that several studies [23][24][25][26][27], have concerned panels made with different wood species compared to fir and spruce, which are currently the most used species for CLT industrial productions.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Out-of-Plane Strengthening of Existing Timber Floors with Cross Laminated Timber Panels Made of Short Supply Chain Beech

Spera,

Sciomenta,

Bedon

et al. 2024

Buildings

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Establishing short supply chains for timber has become important especially in Italy, which is an historically wood-importer country. Timber is an environmentally friendly construction material and a potential mean to reduce carbon footprint produced every year by the building sector. In addition to its sustainability benefits, reversible strengthening interventions can be attained for existing structures. As such, timber can be efficiently used to preserve and protect historical buildings which are, due to architectural and aesthetic values, fundamental components of the Italian cultural heritage. In this study, the use and potential of novel cross-laminated (X-Lam or CLT) timber panels made of Italian hardwood (i.e., beech) for strengthening of existing timber floors is investigated. A quantitative comparison between the mechanical performances of the proposed wood-based product and common retrofitting techniques, such as double-crossed timber planks and reinforced concrete slabs, is carried out in terms of bending stiffness (which is evaluated according to Eurocode 5), influence of weight and reversibility of intervention. It is shown that CLT panels represent a good compromise/alternative for the realisation of reversible and sustainable reinforcing interventions, with rather well promising performances.

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Bonded-in Rods in Beech Glulam - Efficiency of a Recess in the Bondline

Cited by 4 publications

References 2 publications

The Bending Properties of Hybrid Cross-Laminated Timber (CLT) Using Various Species Combinations

The Bending Properties of Hybrid Cross-Laminated Timber (CLT) Using Various Species Combinations

Assessment of Combined Effects of Axial and Lateral Loading of Glued-in Rod Connections in LVL

Out-of-Plane Strengthening of Existing Timber Floors with Cross Laminated Timber Panels Made of Short Supply Chain Beech

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