Bone changes associated with intraosseous hypertension in the caprine tibia.

Welch, Robert D.; Johnston, Charles E.; Waldron, M. J.; Poteet, Brian A.

doi:10.2106/00004623-199301000-00008

Cited by 42 publications

(25 citation statements)

References 19 publications

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“…Other observations also cast doubt on the precision of intraosseous pressure measurements. The experimental increase of intraosseous pressure to greater than 30 mmHg has been observed to increase endosteal, periosteal, and cancellous new bone formation but not to produce ON [22]. Elevated intraosseous pressures can be found in osteoarthritis as well as ON and can also be produced by elevations in intra-articular pressure [23][24][25].…”

Section: Intraosseous Hypertensionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Pathophysiology and risk factors for osteonecrosis

Shah

Racine

Jones

et al. 2015

Curr Rev Musculoskelet Med

229

150

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Osteonecrosis, also known as avascular necrosis or AVN, is characterized by a stereotypical pattern of cell death and a complex repair process of bone resorption and formation. It is not the necrosis itself but rather the resorptive component of the repair process that results in loss of structural integrity and subchondral fracture. Most likely, a common pathophysiological pathway exists involving compromised subchondral microcirculation. Decreased femoral head blood flow can occur through three mechanisms: vascular interruption by fractures or dislocation, intravascular occlusion from thrombi or embolic fat, or intraosseous extravascular compression from lipocyte hypertrophy or Gaucher cells. In this review, we emphasize etiologic relationships derived mostly from longitudinal cohort studies or meta-analyses whose causal relationships to osteonecrosis can be estimated with confidence. Understanding risk factors and pathophysiology has therapeutic implications since several treatment regimens are available to optimize femoral head circulation, interrupt bone resorption, and preserve the subchondral bone.

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Section: Intraosseous Hypertensionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Pathophysiology and risk factors for osteonecrosis

Shah

Racine

Jones

et al. 2015

Curr Rev Musculoskelet Med

229

150

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

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“…Similarly, intramedullary hypertension due to venous occlusion (pressure increased to about 28.7 mmHg from 15.5 mmHg) has periosteal (138%), endocortical (369%) and cancellous (889%) bone forming effects at the caprine tibial metaphysis. 119 One of the suggestions on how the marrow pressure affects bone formation is that the progenitors in the marrow may be directly reacting to marrow pressure or extracellular fluid flow (developed by pressure gradients) by differentiating into osteoblasts and forming new bone. 51,110 On the other hand, it is suggested that nitric oxide is imperative in signaling of mechanically induced bone formation.…”

Section: Hydrostatic Pressurementioning

confidence: 99%

The Mechanical Environment of Bone Marrow: A Review

2008

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Bone marrow is a viscous tissue that resides in the confines of bones and houses the vitally important pluripotent stem cells. Due to its confinement by bones, the marrow has a unique mechanical environment which has been shown to be affected from external factors, such as physiological activity and disuse. The mechanical environment of bone marrow can be defined by determining hydrostatic pressure, fluid flow induced shear stress, and viscosity. The hydrostatic pressure values of bone marrow reported in the literature vary in the range of 10.7-120 mmHg for mammals, which is generally accepted to be around one fourth of the systemic blood pressure. Viscosity values of bone marrow have been reported to be between 37.5 and 400 cP for mammals, which is dependent on the marrow composition and temperature. Marrow's mechanical and compositional properties have been implicated to be changing during common bone diseases, aging or disuse. In vitro experiments have demonstrated that the resident mesenchymal stem and progenitor cells in adult marrow are responsive to hydrostatic pressure, fluid shear or to local compositional factors such as medium viscosity. Therefore, the changes in the mechanical and compositional microenvironment of marrow may affect the fate of resident stem cells in vivo as well, which in turn may alter the homeostasis of bone. The aim of this review is to highlight the marrow tissue within the context of its mechanical environment during normal physiology and underline perturbations during disease.

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“…8 Direct increase of intramedullary pressure in immature goats has also been shown to initiate periosteal bone apposition. 24,25 Intraosseous pressures of 30-45 mmHg increased bone mineral significantly after 5 days. There were also significant increases in cancellous new bone formation, percentage eroded surface, and osteoclast covered bone surface.…”

Section: Venous Pressure and Bone Formationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Fluid Shifts Due to Microgravity and Their Effects on Bone: A Review of Current Knowledge

McCarthy

2005

Ann Biomed Eng

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Bone loss during long-term space flight is potentially a significant problem. Bone mineral density measurements show that bone is lost at a rate of about 1% per month from the lumbar spine, and 1.5% per month from the hip. Bone density changes are not uniform throughout the skeleton, and there is accumulating evidence that the distribution of bone density changes may be related to fluid shifts observed in microgravity. The paper summarises the data relating fluid shift of bone density changes in microgravity. In addition, microgravity and ground-based experiment were carried out to investigate the effects of interstitial fluid flow on bone formation. Data from these experiments were interpreted in light of the review data relating fluid shift to bone density changes in microgravity. Both experiments assessed the effect of an external pneumatic venous tourniquet on bone distal to the tourniquet. In the first experiment, a pneumatic tourniquet was designed to be placed around one ankle of a single astronaut on a 180-day mission on the MIR space station. Ultrasound measurements of both calcanei were made during the mission, and dual energy x-ray densitometry (x-ray absorption) measurements were performed at the start and end of the mission. In the second experiment, ground-based experiments have been performed to investigate possible mechanisms for the action of such a tourniquet on bone. A venous tourniquet was designed to be placed around the hind limb of a rat, proximal to the knee, applying a continuous pressure of 30 mmHg. The tourniquet increased significantly tibial fluid weight, periosteal bone formation and intracortical bone remodelling. Some of the effects appeared to due to a nitric oxide dependant pathway. It is proposed that tissue fluid pressures have an effect on bone that is independent of mechanical load, which may explain the variation in bone mineral density observed in space flight.

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Bone changes associated with intraosseous hypertension in the caprine tibia.

Cited by 42 publications

References 19 publications

Pathophysiology and risk factors for osteonecrosis

Pathophysiology and risk factors for osteonecrosis

The Mechanical Environment of Bone Marrow: A Review

Fluid Shifts Due to Microgravity and Their Effects on Bone: A Review of Current Knowledge

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