Bone, fat, and muscle interactions in health and disease

Abstract

Energy metabolism is a point of integration among the various organs and tissues of the human body, not only in terms of consumption of energy substrates but also because it concentrates a wide interconnected network controlled by endocrine factors. Thus, not only do tissues consume substrates, but they also participate in modulating energy metabolism. Soft mesenchymal tissues, in particular, play a key role in this process. The recognition that high energy consumption is involved in bone remodeling has been accompanied by evidence showing that osteoblasts and osteocytes produce factors that influence, for example, insulin sensitivity and appetite. Additionally, there are significant interactions between muscle, adipose, and bone tissues to control mutual tissue trophism. Not by chance, trophic and functional changes in these tissues go hand in hand from the beginning of an individual's development until aging. Likewise, metabolic and nutritional diseases deeply affect the musculoskeletal system and adipose tissue. The present narrative review highlights the importance of the interaction of the mesenchymal tissues for bone development and maintenance and the impact on bone from diseases marked by functional and trophic disorders of adipose and muscle tissues.

PCDH7 as the key gene related to the co-occurrence of sarcopenia and osteoporosis

“…GO enrichment and KEGG enrichment analysis were conducted to explore the biological features of common DEGs. From the enrichment analysis visualized in Figures 3A–D , many energy-related pathways were enriched in the common DEGs, such as the generation of precursor metabolites and energy derivation by oxidation of organic compounds; energy metabolism is one of the most significant pathways in the research of bone and muscle degeneration ( Gomes et al, 2022 ; Oh et al, 2022 ). The network of common DEGs and both GO and KEGG terms is shown in Figure 3E ; all the common DEGs and the GO and KEGG terms they enriched were connected with the genes to further understand their relationships.…”

Longitudinal association between muscle and bone loss: Results of US and Japanese cohort studies

“…23,24 While body weight and fat mass strongly contribute to racial differences in BMD, large body size and composition differences exist between the two cohorts and may account for the detected differences. 25 A recent epidemiological study reported racial differences in the association between sarcopenia and BMD; with blacks showing the strongest association followed by whites and Asians. 26 Genomic studies implicate genetic and epigenetic heterogeneity as one explanation for these racial/ethnic differences.…”

The Influence of the Mediterranean Dietary Pattern on Osteoporosis and Sarcopenia

“…In fact, bone growth and repair have been stimulated by alterations in contractility and myokines secreted by muscle [ 28 ]. Moreover, the mechanical and trophic interaction between the bone and muscle compartment is essential for the functionality of living beings [ 29 , 30 ]. Osteopenia/OP and sarcopenia can occur simultaneously (osteosarcopenia) or separately [ 31 ].…”