Bone Mass and Muscle Strength in Female College Athletes (Runners and Swimmers)

Emslander, Hildegard C.; Sinaki, Mehrsheed; Muhs, Joan M.; Chao, Edmund Y.S.; Wahner, Heinz W.; Bryant, Sandra C.; Riggs, B. Lawrence; Eastell, Richard

doi:10.4065/73.12.1151

Cited by 77 publications

(51 citation statements)

References 34 publications

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“…16 Some sports, for example those involving high-intensity weight-bearing exercise, or high peak strains, appear to provide better opportunities for maximizing bone than others. 5,11,27 However, previous reports have been constrained by routinely used methods for estimating peak strains. In the present study, we have been able to account for both the frequency with which subjects undertook peak strain activities, and the usual length of time spent at the activity.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…16,20 Although it is recognized that bone mineral status is primarily under genetic influence, 15,25 modifiable lifestyle factors, 26 of which physical activity may well be the most important, can have a major impact on bone development, maintenance, and strength. 5,6,8,18,28,32 Recent evidence suggests that weight-bearing physical activity may confer greater benefits on bone status than non-weightbearing activity. 8,30 In addition, activities involving considerable impact or strain have been shown to stimulate osteogenic responses.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Relationship between physical activity and bone mineral status in young adults: the Northern Ireland young hearts project

Neville

Murray²,

Boreham

et al. 2002

Bone

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Physical activity during the first three decades of life may increase peak bone mass and reduce future osteoporosis risk. The aim of this study was to determine the extent to which different components of physical activity may influence bone mineral status within a representative population sample of young men and women. Bone mineral density (BMD) and content (BMC) were determined at the lumbar spine and femoral neck in 242 men and 212 women, aged 20 -25 years, by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry. Physical activity was assessed by a self-report questionnaire designed to measure the frequency and duration of physical activity and its components (i.e., work, non-sports leisure, sports-related activities, and peak strain sports activities). Potential confounding factors such as height, weight, diet, and smoking habits were also assessed. In multivariate linear regression models, sports activity and peak strain sports activity undertaken by men were strongly associated with both lumbar spine BMD (␤ ‫؍‬ , respectively) (all p < 0.01), but work and non-sports leisure activities were not. In women, there were no associations between bone measurements and any component of physical activity. In models involving all subjects the gender/sports activity, but not the gender/peak strain, interaction term was statistically significant. Sports activity explained 10.4% of the observed variance in lumbar spine BMD in men, but <1% in women. These results demonstrate the importance of sports activities, especially those involving high peak strain, in determining peak bone status in young men. Failure to observe this association in women reflects their lower participation in such activities, but they may have the same capacity to benefit from these activities as men. Intervention studies are warranted to determine whether peak bone density in women can be improved by participating, during childhood and adolescence, in sports activities involving high peak strain. 0

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Relationship between physical activity and bone mineral status in young adults: the Northern Ireland young hearts project

Neville

Murray²,

Boreham

et al. 2002

Bone

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“…2,3 A number of studies have investigated the effect of jogging on BMD, with many focusing on women. [4][5][6][7][8][9] Among men, the results for jogging and BMD have been inconsistent. Some studies have found higher BMD among joggers in the femoral neck, lumbar spine, or total body, 1,[10][11][12] while others have found an association only at lower limb sites.…”

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confidence: 99%

Jogging and bone mineral density in men: results from NHANES III

Mussolino

Looker²,

Orwoll³

2001

Am J Public Health

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OBJECTIVES: This cross-sectional population-based study assessed the association of jogging with femoral bone mineral density (BMD) in men. METHODS: Data are from a nationally representative sample of 4254 men aged 20 to 59 years from the Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES III). Total femoral BMD was measured by dual energy x-ray absorptiometry. Jogging was self-reported. RESULTS: Jogging (any vs none) was strongly associated with higher BMD in multivariate models (P < .01) for both young and middle-aged men. Men who jogged 9 or more times per month had higher BMD levels than those who jogged only 1 to 8 times per month (P = .01). CONCLUSIONS: Jogging is associated with higher femoral neck BMD in men. Additional large-scale studies that measure all aspects of jogging are warranted.

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“…Male and female swimmers from a wide variety of age groups were found to have BMD values not significantly different than age-matched, non-athlete controls, while they displayed significantly lower BMD than runners and weight-bearing athletes across most studies (Taaffe et al, 1995, Avlonitiou et al, 1997, and Creighton, Morgan, Boardley, and Brolinson, 2001). This research suggests that forceful muscle contractions alone (such as those taking place in swimming, rowing, or water polo) confer no significant BMD enhancements without weight-bearing exercise (Taaffe et al, 1995, Avlonitiou et al, 1997, Taaffe et al, 1999, and Emslander et al, 1998. Studies on weight-bearing athletes have shown the greatest BMD values among sports with high impact ground forces (ex.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Several studies of this nature have used runners and swimmers as their representative weight-bearing and non-weight-bearing subjects, respectively (Kemmler, Engelke, Baumann, Beeskow, von Stengel, Weineck, Kalender, 2006, Brahm, Strom, Piehl-Aulin, Mallmin, and Ljunghall, 1997, Hind, Truscott, and Evans, 2006, Avlonituou, Georgiou, Douskas, and Louizi, 1997, Taaffe & Marcus, 1999, and Emslander, Sinaki, Muhs, Chao, Wahner, Bryant, Riggs, and Eastell, 1998. Male and female swimmers from a wide variety of age groups were found to have BMD values not significantly different than age-matched, non-athlete controls, while they displayed significantly lower BMD than runners and weight-bearing athletes across most studies (Taaffe et al, 1995, Avlonitiou et al, 1997, and Creighton, Morgan, Boardley, and Brolinson, 2001).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Assessing Body Composition Among Male Collegiate Runners and Swimmers Using Dual-Energy X-ray Absorptiometry (DXA)

Borgard¹

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Assessing Body Composition Among Male Collegiate Runners and SwimmersUsing Dual-Energy X-ray Absorptiometry (DXA) Christopher P. Borgard March 2010This observational study investigated whole body and regional differences in bone mineral density and soft tissue amounts (fat mass versus lean mass) among collegiate runners and swimmers using dual energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) for body composition measurement. A data subset was gathered for post-hoc analysis on a group of Caucasian male Cal Poly swimmers (n=20) and Cal Poly track and field runners (n=20) of similar age (18-25 years) and race. In addition to their sportspecific training, both teams had engaged in free weight training and running for approximately 12 weeks prior to their DXA scans. Group mean values for total body and regional bone mineral density (BMD) and percent body fat (% BF) were then compared, as were ratios for soft tissue distribution among the athletes. Multiple correlations between BMD, age, body weight (BW), fat mass (FM), lean tissue mass (LTM) and sport grouping were also determined.Results for bone mineral differences between the two groups were consistent with past literature, as the runners had significantly greater total body BMD (p=0.000), and regional BMD of the legs (p=0.000). Swimmers possessed significantly greater total % BF (p=0.004), and legs % BF (p=0.004), despite having a greater lean torso-to-legs (LTL) ratio than the runners (p=0.000).However, even though the swimmers exhibited the greater average BW of the two groups, the runners actually had more measured LTM (in kg) located in the legs than the swimmers. The track v runners had a greater FFM/FM ratio, but this value narrowly missed significance (p=0.012) after Bonferroni correction for multiple test comparisons lowered the level of significance (p<0.0083).The FFM/FM ratio was not correlated to the BMD among all subjects. Several significant correlations were found among the body composition and group descriptive variables. Total BMD was predicted by BW (Pearson r=0.421, p=0.007) and wholebody LTM (r=0.468, p=0.002) among both groups. The strongest correlation was displayed between LTM and BW for both groups (r=0.932, p=0.000). While much is known in the research about the relationship between BW and load-bearing forces among weight-bearing and non-weight-bearing athletes, these data findings suggest that soft tissue distribution differences among such athletes Many thanks also go out to Cal Poly coaches Tom Milich, Terry Crawford, Mark Conover, and Jack Hoyt for encouraging their athletes to participate in the scans, and thanks also to Mr. James Ramirez for facilitating recruitment of the swimmers.A huge thank you is in order to my friend and fellow alum Rosanna Taylor, who helped not only to edit my thesis drafts and format, but also was a huge help to me in successfully getting through the masters degree program at Cal Poly.

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Bone Mass and Muscle Strength in Female College Athletes (Runners and Swimmers)

Cited by 77 publications

References 34 publications

Relationship between physical activity and bone mineral status in young adults: the Northern Ireland young hearts project

Relationship between physical activity and bone mineral status in young adults: the Northern Ireland young hearts project

Jogging and bone mineral density in men: results from NHANES III

Assessing Body Composition Among Male Collegiate Runners and Swimmers Using Dual-Energy X-ray Absorptiometry (DXA)

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