Bone mineral density in an urban and a rural children population—A comparative, population-based study in Enugu State, Nigeria

A Systematic Review of Children’s Physical Activity Patterns: Concept, Operational Definitions, Instruments, Statistical Analyses, and Health Implications

“…The use of questionnaires to study PA has a long history in epidemiological studies with large samples given that cost and administration burden are low. We identified 15 studies that used questionnaires to study children’s PAP [ 10 , 11 , 27 , 72 , 73 , 74 , 75 , 76 , 77 , 78 , 79 , 80 , 81 , 82 , 83 ], with information being reported by children or by their parents ( Table 5 ).…”

“…When parents were responsible for answering the questionnaire, their information was related to the time (minutes/hours), and/or frequency (days) with which their children were involved in PA of different intensities. In some reports, the information also allowed the estimation of MVPA, which was used as time (minutes/day [ 10 , 11 , 27 , 75 , 76 , 77 ], or minutes/week [ 80 ]) or to classify children as having complied, or not, with the MVPA guidelines [ 11 , 72 , 77 ], and also by an estimation of metabolic equivalent [ 81 ], or even the use of a score derived from the questionnaire [ 83 ].…”

“…From the studies included in the present review, 24 studied associations between PAP and health indicators in children, including body composition [ 40 , 82 , 93 ], nutritional status [ 11 , 12 , 28 , 34 , 45 , 50 , 57 , 59 , 60 , 66 , 67 , 70 , 72 , 73 , 74 , 84 , 89 , 90 ], cardiovascular [ 78 ] or metabolic risk factors [ 51 ], and bone mineral density [ 83 ].…”

“…Further, it was reported that the association between metabolic health and PA seems to be determined by accelerometer epoch settings, whereby short epochs appeared more favourably associated with metabolic health than long epochs. Regarding the relationship between PA and bone mineral density, the only study included in the present review addressing this purpose did not find any significant association [ 83 ].…”

Retrospective analysis of the relationship between bone mineral density and body composition in a health check-up Chinese population

“…The T-score, which refers to the number of standard deviations that an individual’s BMD differs from the peak bone mass of a young healthy individual of the same sex, is the most meaningful indicator for osteoporosis in men aged ≥ 50, and in post-menopausal women. BMD is associated with a variety of factors such as age ( 6 ), weight ( 7 ), nutrition ( 8 ), exposure to sunlight, premature menopause ( 9 ), smoking, drinking, genetic factors ( 10 ), sex ( 11 , 12 ), and exercise. Among these factors, heredity, sex and age are unmodifiable, while weight, nutrition, exercise, exposure to sunlight, and lifestyle are modifiable.…”