Bone mineral density of the spine and femur in healthy Saudis

Abstract

The reference values of bone mineral density (BMD) were determined in healthy Saudis of both sexes and compared with US / northern European and other reference data. BMD was determined by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) at the lumbar spine and femur including subregions: trochanter, Ward's triangle, and neck, in 1,980 randomly selected Saudis (age range 20-79 years; 915 males and 1,065 females) living in the Jeddah area. Age-related changes in BMD were similar to those described in US / northern European and Lebanese reference data. Decreases in BMD of males were evident (% per year): 0.3-0.8 (lumbar spine), 0.2-0.4 (femoral trochanter), 0.2-1.4 (Ward's triangle), and 0.2-0.7 (femoral neck). Also, decreases in BMD of females were observed (% per year): 0.8-0.9 (lumbar spine), 0.7-0.9 (Ward's triangle), and 0.3-0.7 (femoral neck). Using stepwise multiple regressions that included both body weight and height, the former had 2-4 times greater effect on BMD than the latter. Using the mean BMD of the <35-year-old group the T-score values were calculated for Saudis. The prevalence of osteoporosis in Saudis (50-79 years) at the lumbar spine using the manufacturer's vs Saudi reference data was 38.3-47.7% vs 30.5-49.6 (P<0.000), respectively. Similarly, based on BMD of total femur, the prevalence of osteoporosis using the manufacturer's vs Saudi reference data was 6.3-7.8% vs 1.2-4.7% (P<0.000), respectively. Saudis (> or =50 years) in the lowest quartile of body weight exhibited higher prevalence of osteoporosis (25.6% in females and 15.5% in males) as compared to that of the highest quartiles (0.0% in females and 0.8% in males). The present study underscores the importance of using population-specific reference values for BMD measurements to avoid overdiagnosis and/or underdiagnosis of osteoporosis.

Secondary osteoporosis due to sickle cell anemia: Do sex steroids play a role?

“…T h e p r e v a l e n c e o f o s t e o p o r o s i s i n premenopausal Saudi Arabian women is reported to be 10%; and in postmenopausal women, between 30% and 40%, which is higher in comparison to that in other parts of the world [1][2][3][4] In 20% to 30% of postmenopausal women and in more than 50% of men, osteoporosis is due to secondary causes. [5] Bones are sensitive to diseases, which may cause secondary osteoporosis such as hormonal and due to drugs like steroids and chemotherapeutic agents.…”

The effect of caffeine on some indicators of bone metabolism in rats

“…Bone density of Saudi's people was lower than their counterparts Americans and Northerners European [27]. Coffee is the highest sources of caffeine consumption in the KSA and it is known that the most common type of coffee consumption in Saudi Arabia is the Arabic coffee and instant coffee [15], the instant coffee was the highest types of caffeine, followed by Arabic coffee 3.89% and 2.00%, respectively.…”

Vitamin D status and its correlation with blood pressure in premenopausal Saudi women: a cross-sectional study.

“…Figure 2 shows vitamin D status in the women who participated in this study. Although the cut-off value for vitamin D deficiency differs from one laboratory to another, based on the literature, a value of less than 12.5 nmol/L is considered to represent severe deficiency (to convert units to ng/ml, the value is divided by 2.5); moderate deficiency: 12.5 -25 nmol/L; mild deficiency: ≥ 25 < 50 nmol/L; insufficiency: ≥ 50 ≤ 75 nmol/L; adequate or sufficient: > 75 nmol respectively (Ardawi et al, 2005). None of the studied women had a sufficient vitamin D value > 75 nmol/L.…”