Bone morphogenetic proteins and receptors are over-expressed in bone-marrow cells of multiple myeloma patients and support myeloma cells by inducing ID genes

Bone morphogenetic proteins induce apoptosis in multiple myeloma cells by Smad-dependent repression of MYC

“…14--16 BMPs are present in the bone marrow and are produced by stromal cells 17 as well as by normal and malignant plasma cells. 18,19 Furthermore, high expression of BMP-6 mRNA in myeloma cells is beneficial for the patient. 18 Taken together, these findings suggest that BMPs suppress tumorigenesis in multiple myeloma.…”

The role of bone morphogenetic proteins in myeloma cell survival

“…[30][31][32][33][34] ALK6 (BMPR1B) is variably expressed. [31,35] The SMADs -1, -4 and -5 are also expressed, but not SMAD8.…”

“…[30][31][32][33][34] ALK6 (BMPR1B) is variably expressed. [31,35] The SMADs -1, -4 and -5 are also expressed, but not SMAD8. [33] Expression of mRNA encoding the ligands BMP-6 and -4 has been found to be increased in plasma cells from multiple myeloma patients compared to healthy individuals.…”

“…[33] Expression of mRNA encoding the ligands BMP-6 and -4 has been found to be increased in plasma cells from multiple myeloma patients compared to healthy individuals. [31,33] Normal bone marrow stromal cells (BMSC) that have been passaged in cell culture have been shown to express BMP mRNA and protein. [36,37] In supernatants of human myeloma cell lines and in BM plasma, low levels of BMP-6 were found using ELISA.…”

Bone morphogenetic proteins regulate differentiation of human promyelocytic leukemia cells

“…BMP-2 can induce hematopoietic environment after subcutaneous implantation and regulate apoptosis in various B-cell lines and primary myeloma cells [7][8][9]. BMP-4 has a crucial instructive role for the induction and formation of blood cell precursors [10] and induces formation of embryonic hematopoietic tissues [11].…”