Diverse lines of evidence suggest that the Fallopian tubes make no overwhelming contribution to human reproduction other than as a conduit for gametes and embryos. Even so, bearing in mind global success rates for in vitro fertilization (IVF) coupled with uterine transplantation of embryos (20% fruitful pregnancies), the Fallopian tubes may make a subtle contribution to reproductive performance. The experimental evidence from monkeys and man arguing against an essential rôle for the tubes -- at least in individual instances -- would include (1) the results of Estes' operation, when ovaries are autotransplanted into the uterine lumen in women with blocked or missing Fallopian tubes and pregnancy ensues; (2) asynchronous embryo transfer when newly fertilized (pronucleate) eggs transplanted to the uterus can generate a pregnancy; (3) the transcervical transfer after IVF of early cleavage stage human embryos into the uterus, with subsequent establishment of pregnancy; (4) the trans-cervical transfer of human spermatozoa and oocytes into the uterus to give pregnancy, indicating that capacitation, fertilization and the earliest stages of embryonic development can be achieved in the uterus. In endeavoring to explain contrasts between these successful procedures in primates and their failure in non-primates, perhaps the simplex uterus in primates compared with a bicornuate or bipartite uterus in laboratory and farm species has relevance: there is lack of a clear-cut distinction between the endometrium and endosalpinx in the intra-mural segment and potential mixing of uterine and tubal fluids. Indeed, the latter may explain in part a susceptibility to tubal ectopic pregnancy, coupled with proliferating endometrial fragments in the Fallopian tube.
