Books: <i>The Inner Level: How More Equal Societies Reduce Stress, Restore Sanity and Improve Everyone’s Well-Being</i>

Walton, Elizabeth

doi:10.3399/bjgp19x705377

Cited by 74 publications

(81 citation statements)

References 3 publications

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“…[10][11][12][13] One explanation of these associations is that inequality elicits stress by intensifying relative poverty and class anxiety, reducing social trust and norms of reciprocity, and promoting class discrimination, teasing, shame, and retaliation. 11,14,15 The association between income inequality and bullying is also consistent with developmental research on childhood stress and trauma. 16,17 Early childhood exposure to the negative consequences of inequality (eg, violence, crime, child maltreatment 13,14 ) may bias cognitive working models of reciprocity and reinforce the belief that social interactions are ruled by power and domination and neutral or ambiguous social cues should be interpreted as hostile.…”

supporting

confidence: 76%

“…11,14,15 The association between income inequality and bullying is also consistent with developmental research on childhood stress and trauma. 16,17 Early childhood exposure to the negative consequences of inequality (eg, violence, crime, child maltreatment 13,14 ) may bias cognitive working models of reciprocity and reinforce the belief that social interactions are ruled by power and domination and neutral or ambiguous social cues should be interpreted as hostile. 18,19 Early-life stress also increases the risk of developing mental health problems, which increase the likelihood of becoming a target of bullying.…”

supporting

confidence: 76%

“…Another US study found that state-level income inequality correlated with preterm births (r = 0.39), low birth weight (r = 0.40), very low birth weight (r = 0.47), and infant mortality (r = 0.11). 32 These and other studies that link income inequality to poor health in adults and diminished social resources that support health 14,31 suggest that adolescents that grew up in areas of greater inequality experienced poorer care and more adversity and stress in early-life-long before they developed an awareness of social class. Further analysis carried out in more diverse cultural settings might help identify these adversities and examine their cumulative associations with socioemotional development and maltreatment.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 97%

“…Other studies on income inequality suggest that parent-child attachment styles, maternal mental health, maternal care, or child neglect and maltreatment play a role. 14 A study by Eckenrode and colleagues 13 found a positive association between countylevel income inequality in the United States and child maltreatment after controlling differences in area-level child poverty. Another US study found that state-level income inequality correlated with preterm births (r = 0.39), low birth weight (r = 0.40), very low birth weight (r = 0.47), and infant mortality (r = 0.11).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Association of Early-Life Exposure to Income Inequality With Bullying in Adolescence in 40 Countries

et al. 2019

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IMPORTANCE While the association between income inequality and interpersonal violence has been attributed to the psychosocial effects of inequality (eg, increased class anxiety, reduced social capital), longitudinal evidence for this pathway is limited by a reliance on small ecological studies and cross-sectional data. The developmental consequences of early-life inequality for subsequent involvement in violence have not been investigated. OBJECTIVE To examine the association between income inequality during infancy and early childhood and adolescents' involvement in bullying others, experiences of being bullied, or both. DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS The Health Behavior in School-aged Children survey study was conducted in European and North American schools. This analysis used individual data on bullying (being bullied, bullying others, or both) from 6 consecutive school-based surveys of 11-year-old to 15-year-old students carried out in 40 countries between February 1994 to March 2014. Data analysis occurred from March 2018 to January 2019. EXPOSURE National Gini indices of income inequality for every year of life spanning a 35-year period (1979 to 2014). MAIN OUTCOMES AND MEASURES Being bullied, bullying others, and both outcomes were measured using a common definition and questions adapted from the Bully-Victim Questionnaire and translated to many languages. RESULTS The sample included 425 938 male students and 448 265 female students from 162 country-survey year groups in 29 196 schools. Linear regression coefficients indicated that early-life income inequality from birth to 4 years was positively associated with being bullied (male students: linear regression coefficient, 18.26 [95% CI, 11.04-25.47]; P < .001; female students: linear regression coefficient, 15.67 [95% CI, 10.02-21.33]; P < .001), and dual involvement in being bullied and bullying others (male students: linear regression coefficient, 5.55 [95% CI, 2.67-8.44]; P < .001; female students: linear regression coefficient, 2.45 [95% CI, 0.93-3.97]; P < .001), after differences in lifetime mean income inequality (from birth to when bullying was measured), national per capita income, family socioeconomic position, age, and cohort were controlled. No such association was found with bullying others after differences in being bullied were controlled. CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE Being bullied is associated with early-life exposure to income inequality. Although further research on the underlying pathways is needed to guide intervention, these results suggest temporality in the association between inequality and violence and suggest that growing up in areas of high income inequality is associated with victimization in adolescence.

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supporting

confidence: 76%

supporting

confidence: 76%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 97%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Association of Early-Life Exposure to Income Inequality With Bullying in Adolescence in 40 Countries

et al. 2019

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“…At the occupational level, we know that unfair treatment results in psychological pain, disengagement, and even sabotage (Ferris et al, 2017). At the national level, countries that enact fair policies report higher levels of health, education, happiness, and life satisfaction (Di Martino & Prilleltensky, 2020;Wilkinson & Pickett, 2018). Lack of fairness, on the other hand, results in higher levels of crime, risky behavior, illness, infant mortality, and social alienation (Case & Deaton, 2020;Marmot, 2015;Payne, 2017).…”

Section: Fairnessmentioning

confidence: 99%

Mattering, wellness, and fairness: Psychosocial goods for the common good.

Prilleltensky¹,

Scarpa²,

Ness³

et al. 2023

American Journal of Orthopsychiatry

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Whereas the behavioral and health sciences have been mainly concerned with the private good, there is an urgent need to understand and foster the collective good. Without a coherent framework for the common good, it will be extremely difficult to prevent and manage crises such as pandemics, illness, climate change, poverty, discrimination, injustice, and inequality, all of which affects marginalized populations disproportionally. While frameworks for personal well-being abound in psychology, psychiatry, counseling, and social work, conceptualizations of collective well-being are scarce. Our search for foundations of the common good resulted in the identification of three psychosocial goods: mattering, wellness, and fairness. There are several reasons for choosing them, including the fact that they concurrently advance personal, relational, and collective value. In addition, they represent basic human motivations, have considerable explanatory power, exist at multiple ecological levels, and have significant transformative potential. The complementary nature of the three goods is illustrated in an interactional model. Based on empirical evidence, we suggest that conditions of justice lead to experiences of mattering, which, in turn, enhance wellness. Challenges and opportunities afforded by the model at the intrapersonal, interpersonal, occupational, communal, national, and global levels are presented. The proposed psychosocial goods are used to formulate a culture for the common good in which we balance the right with the responsibility to feel valued and add value, to self and others, in order to promote not just wellness but also fairness.

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Between wellness and fairness: The mediating role of autonomous human choice and social capital in OECD countries

Martino

Scarpa

Prilleltensky

2022

Journal Community Psychology

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Theoretical arguments and empirical evidence have been provided in the literature for the role of fairness in wellness. In this paper, we explore the role of two potential mediating variables: autonomous human choice and social capital. Using aggregated panel data across countries belonging to the Organisation for Economic Co‐operation and Development (OECD), we compared the OECD Social Justice Index (SJI) with data on life satisfaction to test whether fairness has direct and indirect effects on wellness. Results from a series of Manifest Path Analyses with time as fixed effect, support the hypothesis that the OECD SJI is directly linked to country‐level life satisfaction, additionally revealing that its indirect effect operates primarily through people's autonomous choices in life and their country's level of social capital. Our results contribute to two distinct bodies of knowledge. With respect to community psychology, the findings offer empirical evidence for the synergistic effect of personal, relational, and collective factors in well‐being. With respect to the impact of economic inequality on wellness, we extend the literature by using social justice as a more comprehensive measure. Limitations and recommendations for future studies are discussed.

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Books: The Inner Level: How More Equal Societies Reduce Stress, Restore Sanity and Improve Everyone’s Well-Being

Cited by 74 publications

References 3 publications

Association of Early-Life Exposure to Income Inequality With Bullying in Adolescence in 40 Countries

Association of Early-Life Exposure to Income Inequality With Bullying in Adolescence in 40 Countries

Mattering, wellness, and fairness: Psychosocial goods for the common good.

Between wellness and fairness: The mediating role of autonomous human choice and social capital in OECD countries

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