Boomeranging in structural defense

Marler, Thomas E.

doi:10.4161/psb.22013

Cited by 10 publications

(5 citation statements)

References 29 publications

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“… 4 Following removal of the physical obstructions that protect the hidden scale insects, the R. lophanthae predation level reaches that of scale insects located on fully exposed plant surfaces in only one week. 5 …”

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confidence: 99%

Vertical stratification in arthropod spatial distribution research

Marler

2013

Communicative & Integrative Biology

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Spatial heterogeneity within individual host trees is often overlooked in surveys of phytophagous arthropod abundance and distribution. The armored scale Aulacaspis yasumatsui is controlled by the predator Rhyzobius lophanthae to a greater degree on leaves at 75-cm height than on leaves at ground level within its host tree Cycas micronesica. The direct influence of elevation on the predator indirectly generates vertical heterogeneity of the scale insect. Arthropod sampling schemes that fail to include all strata within the vertical profile of the host tree species may generate misleading outcomes. Results indicate that sub-meter increments can reveal significant differences in vertical distribution of phytophagous insects, and that inclusion of observations on other organisms that interact with the target arthropod may illuminate determinants of vertical heterogeneity.

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confidence: 99%

Vertical stratification in arthropod spatial distribution research

Marler

2013

Communicative & Integrative Biology

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“…We have identified three limitations to the predatory success of this animal. First, the A. yasumatsui individuals are so small that they can infest locations on Cycas organ surfaces that the relatively large predator cannot access [ 39 , 40 ]. Second, the predator tends to avoid the plants’ lowest stratum for unknown reasons such that A. yasumatsui infestations are uncontrolled on leaf, stem, and root surfaces near the ground [ 41 ].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Biotic Threats to Cycas micronesica Continue to Expand to Complicate Conservation Decisions

Deloso

Terry

Yudin

et al. 2020

Insects

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Invasions of non-native species can threaten native biodiversity, and island ecosystems are ideal for studying these phenomena. In this article, first, we report on the invasive species that combine to threaten the island cycad Cycas micronesica by reviewing the history of previously reported invasions and providing an update of recent invasions. Then, we prioritize the threat status of each herbivore and the interactions among them. Plant damage was initiated in 2003─2005 by the non-native Aulacaspis yasumatsui Takagi armored scale, Erechthias sp. Meyrick leaf miner, and Luthrodes pandava Horsfield butterfly, which elicited unprecedented irruptions of the native Acalolepta marianarum Aurivillius stem borer and increased herbivory by feral pigs (Sus scrofa L.). The combined impact of these five consumers represents the greatest sustained threat to the cycad tree species. Mitigation of the damage caused by phytophagous non-native species is urgently needed to conserve this unique gymnosperm tree.

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“…This vertical stratification behavior is a second factor enabling the ability of A. yasumatsui to lethally infest seedlings and small juvenile plants, despite the ubiquity of R. lophanthae . The size differential between the predator and pest also results in limitations of the biological control [3,4]. Our attempts to introduce parasitoid biological control species have been unsuccessful to date.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Two constraints on biocontrol were observed. First, the surfaces of cycad organs provided trichomes and other structures under which A. yasumatsui could hide from the predator [3,4]. Second, a clear stratification behavior occurred among the R. lophanthae predators, whereby they neglected scale-infested leaves located in the lowest forest strata [5,6].…”

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confidence: 99%

Rhyzobius lophanthae Behavior is Influenced by Cycad Plant Age, Providing Odor Samples in a Y-tube Olfactometer

Marler

Marler²

2018

Insects

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The scale predator Rhyzobius lophanthae Blaisdell was introduced to Guam and Rota to control invasive Aulacaspis yasumatsui Takagi armored scale infestations on the native Cycas micronesica K.D. Hill populations. The predator demonstrated a clear preference for A. yasumatsui infesting adult plants, resulting in 100% seedling mortality due to the lack of a biocontrol of the scale on seedlings. A Y-tube olfactometer was employed to determine if scale-infested seedling leaves were less attractive to R. lophanthae than scale-infested mature tree leaves. Five paired combinations of seedling versus mature tree leaves were used. The R. lophanthae adults navigated toward scale-infested and un-infested leaves of adults and seedlings when paired with an empty chamber. However, a clear preference for adult leaves occurred when paired with seedling leaves. The results were unambiguous in charcoal-filtered air, intermediate in unfiltered air from an open laboratory, and most ambiguous when conducted with unfiltered in-situ air. The number of predators that did not make a choice was greatest for in-situ air and least for charcoal-filtered air. These results indicated that the substrate used in olfactometry influenced the results, and interpretations of charcoal-filtered air assays should be made with caution. Volatile chemical cues are involved in R. lophanthae preferring A. yasumatsui located on C. micronesica adults when infested adult and seedling leaves are present.

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Boomeranging in structural defense

Cited by 10 publications

References 29 publications

Vertical stratification in arthropod spatial distribution research

Vertical stratification in arthropod spatial distribution research

Biotic Threats to Cycas micronesica Continue to Expand to Complicate Conservation Decisions

Rhyzobius lophanthae Behavior is Influenced by Cycad Plant Age, Providing Odor Samples in a Y-tube Olfactometer

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