“…Overinvesting and acquisitions can occur even when the manager does not realize the overvaluation, either because he has strong hubris (Roll, 1986), he is overconfident (Malmendier and Tate, 2005), or he is overly optimistic (Heaton, 2002). In this situation, the manager believes that the high stock 3 See Baker and Wurgler (2002), Shleifer and Vishny (2003), Polk and Sapienza (2004), RKRV (2005), and Povel et al (2007). 4 Evidence of misvaluation is voluminous although much of the evidence is from large sample studies whose results are often subject to debate because of methodological issues (e.g., see Fama, 1998;Loughran and Ritter, 2000;and Mitchell and Stafford, 2000).…”