“…Recent studies, however, have disclosed that IET can be mediated by electric currents flowing through conductive solid materials, a process that is specifically termed electric syntrophy or direct IET (Kato, ; Kouzuma, Kato, & Watanabe, ; Malvankar & Lovley, ). In addition to naturally occurring iron oxide minerals such as magnetite (Cruz Viggi et al., ; Kato, Hashimoto, & Watanabe, ,; Li et al., ; Liu et al., ; Yamada, Kato, Ueno, Ishii, & Igarashi, ; Zhuang, Tang, Wang, Hu, & Zhou, ), biological apparatus such as pili (Rotaru et al., ; Shrestha et al., ; Summers et al., ) and artificial conductive materials such as graphite (Chen et al., ), activated carbon (Liu et al., ; Rotaru et al., ), and carbon nanomaterials (Lin et al., ) have been reported as conduits of the electric currents that mediate syntrophy (reviewed in Cheng & Call, ; Lovley, ; Barua & Dhar, ). Because these studies have also pointed out that methanogenesis based on electric syntrophy is more efficient than methanogenesis based on diffusive transport of small molecules, supplementation with conductive particles has been proposed as a novel biotechnology for improvement of anaerobic wastewater treatment systems (Baek, Kim, & Lee, ; Dang et al., ; Sasaki et al., ; Zhao et al., ).…”