Boosting legal case retrieval by query content selection with large language models

Abstract

Legal case retrieval, which aims to retrieve relevant cases to a given query case, benefits judgment justice and attracts increasing attention. Unlike generic retrieval queries, legal case queries are typically long and the definition of relevance is closely related to legal-specific elements. Therefore, legal case queries may suffer from noise and sparsity of salient content, which hinders retrieval models from perceiving correct information in a query. While previous studies have paid attention to improving retrieval models and understanding relevance judgments, we focus on enhancing legal case retrieval by utilizing the salient content in legal case queries. We first annotate the salient content in queries manually and investigate how sparse and dense retrieval models attend to those content. Then we experiment with various query content selection methods utilizing large language models (LLMs) to extract or summarize salient content and incorporate it into the retrieval models. Experimental results show that reformulating long queries using LLMs improves the performance of both sparse and dense models in legal case retrieval. CCS CONCEPTS• Information systems → Retrieval models and ranking.