Sodium-oxygen batteries are emerging
as a new energy storage system
because of their high energy density and low cost. However, the cycling
performance of the battery is not satisfying due to its insulating discharge product. Here, we synthesized metallic
phosphides with gradient concentration (g-CoNiFe-P) and their uniform
counterpart (CoNiFe-P) as cathode catalysts in a Na–O2 battery. Notably, the distribution of relaxation time (DRT) was
utilized to identify the rate-determining step in a Na–O2 battery, evaluate the catalytic performance of the catalysts,
and monitor the change of every single electrochemical process along
the whole cycling process to study the degradation mechanism. The
g-CoNiFe-P catalyst presented better initial capacity and cycling
performances. The evolution of the kinetic processes resulting in
battery degradation has been investigated by DRT analysis, which assists
with characterizations. Our work demonstrates the application of DRT
in battery diagnosis to evaluate the catalytic performance of catalysts
and monitor the changes in different kinetic processes of new energy
systems.