“…Additionally, the optimized HTL improves charge carrier extraction and reduces recombination losses, contributing to the higher FF. The favorable energy level alignment of the LNC 0.10 O HTL with the active layer in the PSC-LNC 0.10 O further facilitates efficient charge separation and extraction, enhancing overall device performance . Moreover, compared to other HTLs used in this study, LNC 0.10 O offers superior surface quality, as previously demonstrated in AFM and SEM micrographs.…”