Boosting the Rate Performance and Capacity of Sb₂S₃ Nanorods Cathode by Carbon Coating in All‐Solid‐State Lithium Batteries

Abstract

Antimony sulfide (Sb 2 S 3 ) is a promising electrode material. However, its poor electronic/ionic conductivity severely hinders its practical application. Herein, carbon-coated Sb 2 S 3 nanorods (Sb 2 S 3 @C) are synthesized to address this issue. The electrochemical performance of the Sb 2 S 3 @C is evaluated in allsolid-state lithium batteries (ASSLBs) using InLi anode and Li 10 Si 0.3 PS 6.7 Cl 1.8 solid-state electrolytes. The Sb 2 S 3 @C cathode delivers the 1st cycle discharge capacity of 711 mAh g -1 and a stable cycling capacity of 431 mAh g -1 , which are much higher than the 1st cycle discharge capacity of 125 mAh g -1 and a stable cycling capacity of 320 mAh g -1 for the uncoated Sb 2 S 3 cathode. In situ transmission electron microscopy reveals that the carbon coating layer acts as an electronic/ionic conductive conduit, which boosts the charge transfer in the electrode dramatically. Consequently, the Sb 2 S 3 @C electrochemistry quickly evolves from intercalation to conversion to full alloying. However, the Sb 2 S 3 nanorods without carbon coating undergo sluggish intercalation and conversion reactions, and the alloying reaction is almost impeded, severely limiting the capacity. Therefore, the Sb 2 S 3 @C electrode is fully utilized thus delivering much higher capacity and rate performance than the non-coated Sb 2 S 3 electrode. These results demonstrate that Sb 2 S 3 @C is a promising high-energy-density cathode for ASSLBs.

A prototype of dual-ion conductor for all-solid-state lithium batteries

“…( D ) Rate capability of LiIn|LPSC1.0|Cu 2 S ASSBs at 60°C. ( E ) Ragone plot of the cells in this work compared with the electrochemical performance of typical cathode materials in the field including Ag/C-LPSC1.0-NCM955 battery (NCM955: LiNi 0.90 Co 0.05 Mn 0.05 O 2 ) ( 40 ), Li 0.8 Al-LGPS-S battery ( 37 ), LiIn-LSPSC-Sb 2 S 3 @C battery (LSPSC: Li 10 Si 0.3 PS 6.7 Cl 1.8 ) ( 41 ), LiIn-LPSC1.0-Li 2 RuO 3 battery ( 42 ), and Li-Ag/LiF-LLZTO-LiFePO 4 battery (LLZTO: Li 6.4 La 3 Zr 1.4 Ta 0.6 O 12 ) ( 6 ). All of the batteries were tested at around 60°C, and the specific energy and specific power are based on the mass of composite cathodes.…”

Antimony Sulfide-Based Materials for Electrochemical Energy Conversion and Storage: Advances, Challenges, and Prospects

“…Three current peaks at 2.0 1.26, and 0.75 V in the first anodic scan were associated with the removal of Na + , the reversible conversion reaction, and the dealloying reaction, respectively. Similarly, when Sb 2 S 3 was applied as the anode of LIBs, two-step electrochemical reactions were performed during the discharge reaction, as described in eqs and . Theoretically, 1 mol of Sb 2 S 3 could be reversibly deintercalated with 12 mol Li + /Na + by a conversion reaction and alloying reaction, accompanying with the gain and loss of 12 mol electrons; meanwhile, the synergy of Sb ions and S ions guarantees its high capacity. S b 2 S 3 + 6 N a + + 6 e − → 2 S b + 3 N a 2 S 2 Sb + 6 N a + + 6 e − → 2 N a 3 Sb S b 2 S 3 + 6 L i + + 6 e − → 2 Sb + 3 L i 2 S …”

“…Similarly, when Sb 2 S 3 was applied as the anode of LIBs, two-step electrochemical reactions were performed during the discharge reaction, as described in eqs 3 and 4. 44 Theoretically, 1 mol of Sb 2 S 3 could be reversibly deintercalated with 12 mol Li + /Na + by a conversion reaction and alloying reaction, accompanying with the gain and loss of 12 mol electrons; meanwhile, the synergy of Sb ions and S ions guarantees its high capacity.…”

Aluminium substitution in Sb2S3nanorods enhances the stability of the microstructure and high-rate capability in the alloying regime

“…9,33 Though the performance of these anodes has been improved, its full utilization in LIBs is beset due to the required performance being far below the commercialization needs. 9,[34][35][36] For a next-generation anode material, high rate capability (current rate > 1C) for over 1000 cycles with a capacity retention of >70% is a necessary (though not sufficient) requirement. 37 To realize this goal, other strategies need to be explored.…”