Borage or primrose oil added to standardized diets are equivalent sources for γ‐linolenic acid in rats

Raederstorff, Daniel; Moser, Ulrich

doi:10.1007/bf02535582

Cited by 20 publications

(10 citation statements)

References 48 publications

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“…As noted above, the n-3/ n –6 fatty acid ratio in the HGSO diet was higher and thus the n –3 fatty acids could have suppressed the delta-6 desaturase activity thereby decreasing the production of 22:5 n –6. Similar changes in 22:5 n –6 have been reported by others who also fed equal amounts of 18:3 n –6 but with higher n –3 fatty acids (Palombo et al, 2000; Raederstorff and Moser, 1992). The amount of 22:5 n –6 however, represents only a minor fraction of the overall fatty acid composition of tissue phospholipids.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 86%

Comparison of growth, serum biochemistries and n−6 fatty acid metabolism in rats fed diets supplemented with high-gamma-linolenic acid safflower oil or borage oil for 90days

Tso¹,

Caldwell²,

Lee³

et al. 2012

Food and Chemical Toxicology

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Recently, steps have been taken to further developments toward increasing gamma-linolenic acid (GLA) concentration and lowering costs in plant seed oils using transgenic technology. Through identification and expression of a fungal delta-6 desaturase gene in the high linoleic acid safflower plant, the seeds from this genetic transformation produce oil with >40% GLA (high GLA safflower oil (HGSO)). The aim of the study was to compare the effects of feeding HGSO to a generally recognized as safe source of GLA, borage oil, in a 90 day safety study in rats. Weanling male and female Sprague–Dawley rats were fed a semi-synthetic, fat free, pelleted diet (AIN93G) supplemented with a 10% (wt/wt) oil blend containing HGSO or borage oil, with equivalent GLA levels. Results demonstrated that feeding diets containing HGSO or borage oil for 90 days had similar biologic effects with regard to growth characteristics, body composition, behavior, organ weight and histology, and parameters of hematology and serum biochemistries in both sexes. Metabolism of the primary n–6 fatty acids in plasma and organ phospholipids was similar, despite minor changes in females. We conclude that HGSO is biologically equivalent to borage oil and provides a safe alternative source of GLA in the diet.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 86%

Comparison of growth, serum biochemistries and n−6 fatty acid metabolism in rats fed diets supplemented with high-gamma-linolenic acid safflower oil or borage oil for 90days

Tso¹,

Caldwell²,

Lee³

et al. 2012

Food and Chemical Toxicology

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“…Similar findings were reported by Raederstorff and Moser in a GLA feeding study comparing BO with primrose oil (14). They found no changes in liver GLA and DHGLA levels within groups given equal amounts of dietary GLA from either oil source, indicating that the relative percentages of GLA and DHGLA in tissue phospholipids are dependent upon the GLA content in the diet, but not on the oil source of GLA.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 85%

“…Thus, preferential binding of n-3 vs. n-6 fatty acids at this later ∆6 desaturation step would result in decreased production of 22:5n-6 as observed in the liver phospholipids for the HGCO group. Similar changes in 22:5n-6 have been reported by others who also fed diets with equal amounts of GLA, but unbalanced n-3/n-6 fatty acids (14). It should be noted, however, that the level of 22:5n-6 represents only a minor fraction of the overall PUFA content in liver lipids.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 67%

Comparison of growth and fatty acid metabolism in rats fed diets containing equal levels of γ‐linolenic acid from high γ‐linolenic acid canola oil or borage oil

Palombo

DeMichele

Liu

et al. 2000

Lipids

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We have utilized transgenic technology to develop a new source of gamma-linolenic acid (GLA) using the canola plant as a host. The aim of the present study was to compare the growth and fatty acid metabolism in rats fed equal amounts of GLA obtained from the transgenic canola plant relative to GLA from the borage plant. Young male Sprague-Dawley rats (n = 10/group) were randomized and fed a purified AIN93G diet (10% lipid by weight) containing either a mixture of high GLA canola oil (HGCO) and corn oil or a control diet containing borage oil (BO) for 6 wk. GLA accounted for 23%, of the triglyceride fatty acids in both diets. Growth and diet consumption were monitored every 2-3 d throughout the study. At study termination, the fatty acid composition of the liver and plasma phospholipids was analyzed by gas chromatography. The growth and diet consumption of the HGCO group were similar to the BO group. There were no adverse effects of either diet on the general health or appearance of the rats, or on the morphology of the major organs. There was no significant difference between the diet groups for total percentage of n-6 polyunsaturated fatty acids present in either the total or individual phospholipid fractions of liver or plasma. The relative percentage of GLA and its main metabolite, arachidonic acid, in each phospholipid fraction of liver or plasma were also similar between groups. The percentage of 18:2n-6 in liver phosphatidylethanolamine and phosphatidylinositol/serine was higher (P < 0.05) and 22:5n-6 was lower in the HGCO group than the BO group. This finding could be attributed to the higher 18:3n-3 content in the HGCO diet than the BO diet. Results from this long-term feeding study of rats show for the first time that a diet containing transgenically modified canola oil was well-tolerated, and had similar biological effects, i.e., growth characteristics and hepatic metabolism of n-6 fatty acids, as a diet containing borage oil.

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“…Dietary studies have demonstrated that changes in the profile of highly unsaturated fatty acids in the lipids of various tissues can be achieved by varying the absolute and relative amounts of LA and GLA in the diet (Dutta-Roy, 1993). Direct supplementation with GLA is extremely costly, therefore most of the research in this area has used oils from the seeds of flowering plants as crude sources of GLA such as borage, evening primrose, and sunflower (Singer et al, 1990;Raederstorff and Moser, 1992). Evening primrose oil (EPO) has become the most popular of these oils because of its high GLA content which is approximately 15% (Gibson et al, 1992).…”

Section: Diabetes-induced Metabolic Defects: Importance Of Hyperlipidmentioning

confidence: 99%

Diabetic periodontitis: possible lipid‐induced defect in tissue repair through alteration of macrophage phenotype and function

Iacopino¹

1995

Oral Diseases

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BACKGROUND: Diabetes mellitus is a major health problem in the United States affecting approximately 13 million people. The five ‘classic’ complications which have historically been associated with the condition are microangiopathy, neuropathy, nephropathy, microvascu‐lar disease, and delayed wound healing. Recently, per‐iodontal disease (PD) has been declared the ‘sixth’ major complication of diabetes as diabetics demonstrate an increased incidence and severity of PD. The cellular and molecular basis for diabetic PD is unknown. HYPOTHESIS: Recent evidence suggests that PD and delayed dermal wound healing may be manifestations of the same general systemic deficit in diabetes involving impairment of the cellular and molecular signal of wounding via alterations in macrophage phenotype. Diabetes‐induced hyperlipidemia may interfere with the normal cellular and molecular signal of wounding by alteration of macrophage function and subsequent dysregulation of cytokines at the wound site. RESULTS: Preliminary data in both animal models and humans suggests that hyperglycemia, in combination with elevations of serum low density lipoproteins and tri‐glycerides, leads to formation of advanced glycation end products (AGES) which may alter macrophage phenotype. This may be responsible for dysregulation of macrophage cytokine production and increased inflammatory tissue destruction and alveolar bone loss. IMPLICATIONS: Future investigations will consider diabetic PD in the context of a generalized systemic wound healing deficit that manifests as PD in the face of constant pathologic wounding of the gingiva (bacterial plaque) or delayed dermal wound healing in instances of periodic traumatic wounding to other parts of the body. These types of studies will provide information concerning defective tissue repair in diabetics that will have clinical relevance for the understanding of PD and delayed dermal healing as well as applications of appropriate and specific therapies.

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Borage or primrose oil added to standardized diets are equivalent sources for γ‐linolenic acid in rats

Cited by 20 publications

References 48 publications

Comparison of growth, serum biochemistries and n−6 fatty acid metabolism in rats fed diets supplemented with high-gamma-linolenic acid safflower oil or borage oil for 90days

Comparison of growth, serum biochemistries and n−6 fatty acid metabolism in rats fed diets supplemented with high-gamma-linolenic acid safflower oil or borage oil for 90days

Comparison of growth and fatty acid metabolism in rats fed diets containing equal levels of γ‐linolenic acid from high γ‐linolenic acid canola oil or borage oil

Diabetic periodontitis: possible lipid‐induced defect in tissue repair through alteration of macrophage phenotype and function

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