Bordetella pertussis can act as adjuvant as well as inhibitor of immune responses to non-replicating nasal vaccines

Lactococcus lactis GEM particles displaying pneumococcal antigens induce local and systemic immune responses following intranasal immunization

“…Neisseria meningitidis. Whole cell Bordetella pertussis and N. meningitidis also provided nice results in animal models [7,8]. However, the use of pathogen-based vaccines/adjuvants is associated with safety concerns and the current research aims at finding alternatives.…”

Mucosal Adjuvant Properties of theShigellaInvasin Complex

“…One concern of immunogenic adjuvants or carriers is that the adjuvant-directed immune response may reduce or nullify the adjuvant action of adjuvants and carriers after repeated exposures or at highly immunogenic doses (3,15). In the current study, increases in the number of vaccinations or in the amount of Invaplex used for immunization did not significantly decrease the adjuvant effect of Invaplex, over a range of 1 to 50 g or up to seven intranasal immunizations with Invaplex-containing vaccines.…”

“…Reports have demonstrated that anti-adjuvant immunity may have an inhibitory effect on antigen-specific antibody responses when immunogenic adjuvants are used in a vaccine formulation at certain concentrations or after repeated immunizations (3,15). An extension of the Invaplex SF adjuvanticity study described above was designed to assess the impact of preexisting, Invaplex-specific immunity on the adjuvanticity of Invaplex SF .…”

“…The immune response elicited to ovalbumin (OVA) was evaluated in mice intranasally immunized with OVA alone, OVA coadministered with Invaplex, or OVA combined with CT. Furthermore, as preexisting immunity may alter the effectiveness of mucosal adjuvants (3,15), the adjuvanticity of Invaplex was also evaluated in mice with Invaplex-specific immunity. The presented studies indicate that Invaplex enhances the immune response to coadministered antigens, suggesting that Invaplex may be useful as both a Shigella vaccine and as a mucosal adjuvant.…”

Recent advances in the development of novel mucosal adjuvants and antigen delivery systems

“…The non-toxic STX holotoxin and STX-B induce Th2-biased and CD4 + T-cell mediated mucosal immune response similar to that induced by CT. 91 In addition, B. pertussis has long been known for its mucosal adjuvanticity. 92 Whole cells were found to both promote and suppress mucosal immune response depending on the immunization scheme 93 and its adenylate cyclase toxin, when mixed with antigens, was found to boost antigen specific immune response upon i.n. immunization of mice.…”