Bornean Pygmy Elephant habitat usage of natural salt licks in Segaliud Lokan Forest Reserve

Sompud, Jephte; Adams, A Z; Hiew, S E; Maid, M; Kodoh, J; Sani, S Mohd; Goh, Collin; Jonalius, M; Baba, M

doi:10.1088/1755-1315/1053/1/012016

Cited by 2 publications

(1 citation statement)

References 10 publications

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“…Mojiol and Lim (2022) conducted research at the same study site and reported high visitation of Tembadau at C59 salt lick. Sompud et al (2022) reported that the salt lick at C59SL is also preferred by the Bornean pygmy elephant (Elephas maximus borneensis). They further suggested that the physical attributes of the salt lick, which is undulating flat and large in size compared to all four salt licks, attract wildlife to it.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Monitoring of the habitat usage of Tembadau (Bos javanicus lowi) around salt lick in a forest plantation of Sabah, Malaysia

et al. 2022

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Abstract. Enn HS, Musta B, Sarjadi MS, Maid M, Muning M, Kodoh J, Goh C, Jonalius M, Sompud J. 2022. Monitoring of the habitat usage of Tembadau (Bos javanicus lowi) around salt lick in a forest plantation of Sabah, Malaysia. Biodiversitas 23: 6062-6069. Tembadau (Bos javanicus lowi) is a wild cattle endemic to Borneo Island, especially in Sabah, Malaysia. Their population is declining due to habitat loss and illegal hunting. Previous researchers have reported that hunting pressure and forest fragmentation due to the conversion of natural forests into oil palm plantations are driving the species into the looming extinction of this species. Tembadau is well known for using the salt lick in its habitat. Salt licks are rich in minerals, or feeding sites are important as critical temporal use for wildlife, including Tembadau. The lack of data on the ecological behavior of Tembadau in salt lick areas caused difficulties in monitoring their population in the forest. It may undermine their conservation, especially in the forest plantations. The habitat usage of the Tembadau in this study was expressed in the detection rate and activity pattern. This study aimed to compare Tembadau’s detection rate at salt and non-salt lick areas in a forest plantation situated at the Segaliud Lokan Forest Reserve, Sandakan, Sabah. The activity pattern of Tembadau between a salt lick and non-salt lick areas was also determined. A camera trap survey was carried out from 2 November 2019 to 6 September 2020 to collect the presence, absence and activity pattern of Tembadau. The results show that the detection rate of Tembadau was higher in salt licks, especially salt lick C59SL (n: 171, U: 3187.5, p: 0.003). Tembadau at the salt licks expressed all diurnal, nocturnal and crepuscular behavior but was primarily active at night (n: 12, 43% of nocturnal behavior). Salt licks are beneficial for wildlife to provide the essential elements of intake, health and reproductive success. These findings are helpful information for the monitoring and further conservation work for the species, especially in forest plantation areas. It also provides essential baseline data for lawmakers to make policies for the total protection of salt licks in forest plantations.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Monitoring of the habitat usage of Tembadau (Bos javanicus lowi) around salt lick in a forest plantation of Sabah, Malaysia

et al. 2022

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Identification and chemical composition analysis of salt licks used by Sumatran Elephants Elephas maximus sumatranus in Tangkahan, Indonesia

Berliani,

Pantana,

Azmi

et al. 2024

J. Threat. Taxa

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A crucial aspect of successful conservation strategies is the identification of critical aspects of local habitats required for species preservation in a given region, such as salt licks. Tangkahan is adjacent to the Gunung Leuser National Park in North Sumatra, Indonesia. The park collaborates with the Indonesia Conservation Response Unit using captive Sumatran Elephants Elephas maximus sumatranus for forest patrols, mitigation of human-elephant negative interactions, public education, and ecotourism in the area. An initial study on the daily activities of captive Sumatran Elephants revealed their search for salt licks, which are essential for maintaining their optimal daily sodium intake. Information on salt licks in Tangkahan is limited and deserves further investigation. Ethical clearance is deemed unnecessary, as the research employs a non-invasive approach, exclusively observing the natural behaviors, and daily activities of elephants. The well-being of the elephants takes precedence over invasive technologies, with continuous monitoring ensuring their care throughout the research process. The study utilizes a descriptive-analytic methodology, tracking the daily movements of Sumatran Elephants to identify the locations of salt licks in the area. Four salt licks—Encepan-1, Encepan-2, Namo Cencen, and Hot Spring—were identified by participating in the elephants’ territorial exploration. Although the salt licks were located adjacently, Encepan-1 was most frequently visited by the elephants. The salt licks were characterized as waterholes containing Na+ (Sodium ion) rich waters from springs. However, according to the atomic absorption spectrophotometry (AAS) method, the sodium concentration in these salt licks ranged 34–55 ppm, which is estimated to be insufficient for the physiological requirements of the elephants. Therefore, further investigations are needed to explore other complementary salt licks and the incidence of geophagy to support the mineral needs of Sumatran Elephants in the Tangkahan region.

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Bornean Pygmy Elephant habitat usage of natural salt licks in Segaliud Lokan Forest Reserve

Cited by 2 publications

References 10 publications

Monitoring of the habitat usage of Tembadau (Bos javanicus lowi) around salt lick in a forest plantation of Sabah, Malaysia

Monitoring of the habitat usage of Tembadau (Bos javanicus lowi) around salt lick in a forest plantation of Sabah, Malaysia

Identification and chemical composition analysis of salt licks used by Sumatran Elephants Elephas maximus sumatranus in Tangkahan, Indonesia

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