Borobudur Temple: The Interchange of Humanity Values and Ancient Architecture Development in Southeast Asia

Abstract

It is without doubt that Borobudur Temple is one of the world’s most exquisite Buddhist landmarks. The temple holds the “ratna mutu manikam” essence of the unparalleled Buddha Mahayana arts. Experts even believe that the highest point of Gupta arts can be located not in the land of India, but in central Java, and that is Borobudur Temple. There are others who also believe that Borobudur Temple is the most magnificent Buddhist creation throughout Asia.Borobodur Temple can be perceived as the climatic point of the Syailendra’s religious thinking and concepts and their people in Java. The temple is a representative case of the zenith of Buddhist civilization that was developed by Syailendrawangsa in Asia and outside Buddha’s place of birth in India. The thoughts and experiences of people of Ancient Java before the building of Borobudur Temple has in fact been gathered together and combined with the Buddhist architectural concept thus creating the Borobudur masterpiece. That being so, all cultural events before the building of Borobudur indisputably serve as the foundation for the building of this temple.This article seeks to examine possibilities of influence from Borobudur Temple which is a sacred building of Syailendra, as well as a monument of reference for many sacred temples in ancient Khmer. This is because for a long time, Borobudur Temple has been acknowledged as a masterpiece of the ingenious Ancient Java society. Borobudur holds knowledge values needed by humanity in the form of Buddhist religious architecture, beautiful art ornaments associated with Buddhism, and the sophisticated technology behind its construction.

One Hundred and Eight Rosary Beads in Landscape and Architecture Design

“…Munandar's "article seeks to examine possibilities of influence from Borobudur Temple which is a sacred building of Syailendra, as well as a monument of reference for many sacred temples in ancient Khmer." (Munandar, 2016). "With the glory of its period, the Syailendrawangsa influence is felt outside Java to Sumatra, the Malay Peninsula, to the highlands of Southeast Asia.…”

“…One of the Khmer students, who later became King Jayavarman II of the Khmer, is considered a forerunner of the Angkor dynasty who built an impressive variety of sacred buildings until now." (Munandar, 2016) "At about 8th century AD, a relationship was established between the Ancient Khmer dynasty and Wangsa Syailendra dynasty who ruled Central Java. At that time, young Jayavarman II, who was probably sent by the Khmer royalty to learn and settle temporarily in Central Java.…”

Religious Moderation on the Night of 1st Suro at Borobudur for the Strengthening of Tourism

“…They independently and worked together to prepare all the equipment for the cultural carnival at Borobudur Temple. There are those who provide white cloth, candles, the Keris weapon, flowers, banners and Tumpengan for Kenduri, which make interchange and mobile interaction in the human activities (Munandar, 2016). Economically, this cultural carnival was tourism experiences that could "… have powerful personal and societal implications due to life-changing capacities when consumers subsume their experiences" (Teoh et al, 2021).…”

Ethnomathematics in Borobudur Temple and Its Relevance in Mathematics Education

“…One logical strategy at Borobudur Temple to defend from rainwater by making waterways (Munandar, 2018;Setyawan & Gunawan, 2018). Therefore, in Borobudur Temple, there is a drainage system.…”