Boron Carbides as Efficient, Metal‐Free, Visible‐Light‐Responsive Photocatalysts

Liu, Jikai; Wen, Shuhao; Hou, Yang; Zuo, Fan; Beran, Gregory J. O.; Feng, Pingyun

doi:10.1002/anie.201209363

Cited by 130 publications

(65 citation statements)

References 32 publications

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“…2,5,6 Of the various stimuli that can be used to excite these systems, light has attracted much interest due to its ability to locally excite materials from remote locations. 7,8 Additionally, light induced excitation of materials can easily be started/stopped by simply switching the excitation source on/off, while the magnitude of the response can be tuned by modulating the excitation source intensity, and/or wavelength. As a result, these materials have been used for drug delivery, as nanoreactors, articial muscles, and motors.…”

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confidence: 99%

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Light switchable optical materials from azobenzene crosslinked poly(N-isopropylacrylamide)-based microgels

et al. 2014

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4 0 -Di(acrylamido)-azobenzene was used as a crosslinker in poly(Nisopropylacrylamide)-based microgels. The microgels were subsequently used to fabricate microgel-based optical materials (etalons), which exhibited optical properties that were switchable upon exposure to UV irradiation. We also show that the extent of the response depended on the UV exposure time. These materials could find applications for controlled/triggered drug delivery, as well as in various optical applications.Stimuli-responsive polymers, or "smart materials", have attracted great attention in the natural sciences within the last few decades. 1-4 These macromolecules/materials undergo physical and/or chemical changes in response to small variations in their environment. This interesting behavior has revolutionized the way we think about drug delivery, and has led to many advances in various elds of material science, chemistry, engineering, and physics. 2,5,6 Of the various stimuli that can be used to excite these systems, light has attracted much interest due to its ability to locally excite materials from remote locations. 7,8 Additionally, light induced excitation of materials can easily be started/stopped by simply switching the excitation source on/off, while the magnitude of the response can be tuned by modulating the excitation source intensity, and/or wavelength. As a result, these materials have been used for drug delivery, as nanoreactors, articial muscles, and motors. [7][8][9][10][11][12] Most previously reported photoresponsive materials have relied on photochromic molecules. 1 These molecules undergo a reversible isomerization upon irradiation with specic wavelengths of light. This process is capable of not only altering the molecular structure of the materials, but is oen accompanied by a local polarity change as well as a color change in the photochromic units. Several photochromic molecules have been used in the design of light responsive polymers, including azobenzene, spiropyran, dithienylethene, diazonaphthoquinone, and stilbene; 13,14 the most widely used being azobenzene. Azobenzene-containing molecules are well known to undergo trans to cis photoisomerizations and vice versa, which depend on the irradiation wavelength. 15 It is also notable that the isomerization results in a strong polarity change in the photochromic unit. The polarity change is a direct consequence of the change in the dipole moment from 0 Debye for the trans-isomer to 3 Debye for the cis-isomer. 16 Therefore, the photoisomerization from trans to cis increases the hydrophilicity of materials. 17 Azobenzene-containing polymers have been actively investigated for applications in optical data storage, nonlinear optical devices, sensors and actuators, as well as materials suitable for photo-fabrication/ processing. 18 Additionally, it has been shown that the photoisomerization can lead to material deformations. 19-21 For example, azobenzene photoisomerization in elastomers can yield up to a 20% change in their critical dimension. 22 Microgels, which...

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“…As a result, these materials have been used for drug delivery, as nanoreactors, articial muscles, and motors. [7][8][9][10][11][12] Most previously reported photoresponsive materials have relied on photochromic molecules. 1 These molecules undergo a reversible isomerization upon irradiation with specic wavelengths of light.…”

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Light switchable optical materials from azobenzene crosslinked poly(N-isopropylacrylamide)-based microgels

et al. 2014

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“…Since the discovery of the Honda–Fujishima effect in the early 1970s, photocatalytic and photoelectrochemical (PEC) water splitting or CO 2 reduction on semiconducting materials have been envisioned as a promising strategy for converting solar energy to fuels, such as H 2 , CO, etc . In addition to common transition metal‐based photocatalysts, of particular recent interest are materials so called “metal‐free photocatalysts,” which mainly consist of graphitic carbon nitride (g‐C 3 N 4 ), boron carbide (B 4 C), boron arsenide (BAs), boron phosphide (BP), C‐doped boron nitride (C‐doped BN), and elemental photocatalysts, such as α‐S, β‐B, red P, and black P (Table S1, Supporting Information). Obviously, boron‐containing photocatalysts play a pivotal role in the family of “metal‐free photocatalyst.”…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Green Synthesis of Lamellae Rhombohedra Boron Suboxide for Efficient Photoreduction Catalysis with Visible Light Response

et al. 2019

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Exploring novel photocatalysts is one of the primary missions for photocatalytic solar energy conversion. Metal‐free photocatalysts are of particular recent interest due to the drawbacks of conventional metal‐based photocatalysts, such as high cost, lack of abundance, and environmental hazardousness. A facile, environmental‐benign, and scalable synthetic strategy of well‐crystalline B6O particles is presented. The ultralow synthetic temperature of 90 °C and ambient pressure are the most mild synthetic conditions for this material. The prepared B6O shows a lamellae structure and regular rhombohedra morphology with a remarkably large surface area of 93.82 m2 g−1. It is proposed that the mild crystallization via a twin plane re‐entrant edge mechanism may contribute to the unique morphology. The rhombohedra B6O “R‐B6O” is explored to perform efficient photocatalytic water splitting and CO2 reduction without loading noble metal cocatalysts. The R‐B6O can also be used as a stable photocathode material for photoelectrochemical water reduction under visible light irradiation. The current work presents a new member to the family of metal‐free photocatalysts and photocathode materials.

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“…These inherent structural defects result in B 4 C/SnO 2 with high efficiency in sunlight harvesting and make it a good catalyst for industrial pollutants. Existence of defects causes the downshift in conduction band and available new mid gap states that enable the boron carbide as visible light harvesting material (Liu et al 2013). …”

Section: Mechanism Followedmentioning

confidence: 99%

Specially designed B4C/SnO2 nanocomposite for photocatalysis: traditional ceramic with unique properties

et al. 2018

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Boron carbide: A traditional ceramic material shows unique properties when explored in nano-range. Specially designed boron-based nanocomposite has been synthesized by reflux method. The addition of SnO 2 in base matrix increases the defect states in boron carbide and shows unique catalytic properties. The calculated texture coefficient and Nelson-Riley factor show that the synthesized nanocomposite has large number of defect states. Also this composite is explored for the first time for catalysis degradation of industrial used dyes. The degradation analysis of industrial pollutants such as Novacron red Huntsman (NRH) and methylene blue (MB) dye reveals that the composite is an efficient catalyst. Degradation study shows that 1 g/L catalyst concentration of B 4 C/SnO 2 degrades NRH and MB dye up to approximately 97.38 and 79.41%, respectively, in 20 min under sunlight irradiation. This water-insoluble catalyst can be recovered and reused.

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Boron Carbides as Efficient, Metal‐Free, Visible‐Light‐Responsive Photocatalysts

Cited by 130 publications

References 32 publications

Light switchable optical materials from azobenzene crosslinked poly(N-isopropylacrylamide)-based microgels

Light switchable optical materials from azobenzene crosslinked poly(N-isopropylacrylamide)-based microgels

Green Synthesis of Lamellae Rhombohedra Boron Suboxide for Efficient Photoreduction Catalysis with Visible Light Response

Specially designed B4C/SnO2 nanocomposite for photocatalysis: traditional ceramic with unique properties

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