Bose-Einstein condensation of light in a cavity

Abstract

The paper considers Bose-Einstein condensation (BEC) of light in a cavity with medium. In the framework of two-level model we show the effect of gaseous medium on the critical temperature of light condensation in the system. Transition of the system to the state with released light condensate is illustrated in consequent stages. Analytical expressions for a typical spatial extent of the condensed cloud of photons, as well for spectral characteristics of the condensate peak are derived. Energy and heat capacity of photons as functions of temperature are obtained. Finally, we demonstrate that the energy of light can be accumulated in the BEC state.

Position-dependent oscillated decay of a two-level atom immersed in a two-dimensional photon fluid

“…Because the system is open and the photons will get lost, we should allow the number of photons fluctuates around a constant value. A standard way to describe this is to use Lagrange multiplier [15], specifically, the corresponding Hamiltonian is a a…”

“…Photon superfluid is a manifestation of Bose-Einstein condensation and is observed firstly by Klaers et al [13] by using a macroscopic optical cavity containing a dye solution. Thereafter, a large amount of papers concerning photon appears both theoretically [14][15][16][17] and experimentally [18,19]. In order to create a stable luminous fluid, it is crucial to give a finite effective mass to the photon.…”

Bose condensation of squeezed light

“…Condensation of Bosons interacting only with incoherent phonons and spontaneous amplification of quantum coherence are theoretically reviewed in [46]. With a two-level model of gaseous medium the effective mass due to light trapping has been employed to examine the influence of intracavity medium on the parameters of light condensation [47] and for a one-dimensional condensate in a microtube [48]. Generalized superstatistics by the maximum entropy principle was applied to fluctuations of the photon Bose-Einstein condensate in a dye microcavity [49].…”

Thermalization and Bose–Einstein condensation of a photon gas in a multimode hybrid atom-membrane optomechanical microcavity

“…Some of these studies have concentrated on the modeling of the photon BEC from the point of view of equilibrium statistical mechanics [15,[21][22][23][24][25], and some other theoretical works have explored such topics as the emergence of phase coherence in photon BEC resulting from photon-photon interaction through an intermediate medium [26], phase diffusion in a BEC of light in a dye-filled optical microcavity [27], quantum modeling of the nonequilibrium BEC of photons and polaritons in planar microcavity devices [28], and the crossover from photon condensation to laser-like states [29,30]. BEC and laser operation have similar features because both of them involve a spontaneous phase-symmetry breaking and a transition to a macroscopically occupied quantum state.…”