Botanical gardens provide valuable baseline Phytophthora diversity data

Hulbert, Joseph M.; Paap, T.; Burgess, Treena I.; Roets, Francois; Wingfield, Michael J.

doi:10.1016/j.ufug.2019.126461

Cited by 21 publications

(19 citation statements)

References 46 publications

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“…Initiatives such the IPSN, COST Action Global Warning (https://www.cost.eu/actions/FP1401/#tabs|Name:overview), and the European Union Horizon 2020 HOMED (Holistic Management of Emerging Forest Pests and Diseases) project (http:// homed-proje ct. eu/), are coordinating sentinel plant research globally. These projects serve to highlight the many first reports of pests from botanical gardens and arboreta (Jock et al 2000;Salisbury et al 2011;Paap et al 2018;Hulbert et al 2019;Tchotet Tchoumi et al 2019). In South Africa alone, 67 pest species (including fungi, oomycetes, insects and mites) were detected and identified from various botanical gardens over the past 23 years , 20 of which were first reports for the country (Wondafrash et al in prep).…”

Section: Botanical Gardens As Sentinel Sites For the Detection And Eradication Of Pest Incursionsmentioning

confidence: 98%

Botanical gardens as key resources and hazards for biosecurity

et al. 2021

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Biodiversity and economic losses resulting from invasive plant pests and pathogens are increasing globally. For these impacts and threats to be managed effectively, appropriate methods of surveillance, detection and identification are required. Botanical gardens provide a unique opportunity for biosecurity as they accommodate diverse collections of exotic and native plant species. These gardens are also often located close to high-risk sites of accidental invasions such as ports and urban areas. This, coupled with routine activities such as the movement of plants and plant material, and visits by millions of people each year, place botanical gardens at risk to the arrival and establishment of pests and pathogens. Consequently, botanical gardens can pose substantial biosecurity risks to the environment, by acting as bridgeheads for pest and pathogen invasions. Here we review the role of botanical gardens in biosecurity on a global scale. The role of botanical gardens has changed over time. Initially, they were established as physic gardens (gardens with medicinal plants), and their links with academic institutions led to their crucial role in the accumulation and dissemination of botanical knowledge. During the second half of the 20th century, botanical gardens developed a strong focus on plant conservation, and in recent years there has been a growing acknowledgement of their value in biosecurity research as sentinel sites to identify pest and pathogen risks (novel pest-host associations); for early detection and eradication of pests and pathogens; and for host range studies. We identify eight specific biosecurity hazards associated with botanical gardens and note potential management interventions and the opportunities these provide for improving biosecurity. We highlight the value of botanical gardens for biosecurity and plant health research in general, and the need for strategic thinking, resources, and capacity development to make them models for best practices in plant health.

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Section: Botanical Gardens As Sentinel Sites For the Detection And Eradication Of Pest Incursionsmentioning

confidence: 98%

Botanical gardens as key resources and hazards for biosecurity

et al. 2021

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“…Horticultural and agricultural activities, such as soil mixing, irrigation, and fertilization, create homogeneous environments more conducive for pathogen population establishment, dispersal, and abundance and favor the emergence of invasive pathogens (Stukenbrock & McDonald, 2008). Planting ornamental trees, shrubs, and plants in urban environments may facilitate establishment by providing a first point of contact from which pests and pathogens can be dispersed to natural environments (Hulbert et al, 2017, 2019; Paap et al, 2017).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Planting ornamental trees, shrubs, and plants in urban environments may facilitate establishment by providing a first point of contact from which pests and pathogens can be dispersed to natural environments (Hulbert et al, 2017(Hulbert et al, , 2019Paap et al, 2017).…”

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confidence: 99%

Urban environments harbor greater oomycete and Phytophthora diversity, creating a bridgehead for potential new pathogens to natural ecosystems

et al. 2022

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Anthropogenic activities contribute to changes in the range and distribution of species. Globalization is resulting in human‐mediated dispersal that is causing a breakdown in normal biogeographic barriers. But the impact of anthropogenic activities on plant pathogen communities is still poorly understood. We conducted an eDNA metabarcoding study to compare communities of oomycetes, a group of eukaryotic microorganisms that comprises important crop and tree pathogens, in urban, natural, and interface environments. Oomycete diversity and abundance were highest in human impacted urban environments and lowest in natural environments, while the interface environments were intermediate. Urban environments had the highest proportion of sites where species of the plant pathogenic genus Phytophthora were found, as well as the largest number of unknown or undescribed Phytophthora species. The taxa overlap between urban and interface environments was one order of magnitude larger than the overlap between urban and natural environments. Our analyses show that urban/natural interface areas likely act as a bridge for invasion into natural environments. This could impact both the natural biota and natural ecosystem processes. Our study serves as a warning that some Phytophthora species introduced from nurseries or spread by human movement could pose a threat to natural ecosystems. Shifting patterns in oomycete communities could interfere with natural ecosystem processes and result in increases in disease and ecosystem declines.

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“…The genus is well known to cause plant disease epidemics in numerous areas around the globe, and is a well-known destructive pathogen even in South Africa where numerous species have already been found and which affect a wide variety of plant species, e.g. agricultural crops, native forests, plantations, and orchards of alien plant species (Bose et al, 2018;Hulbert, 2017;Hulbert et al, 2019). As such, an investigation into the potential pathogenic Phytophthora species associated with Black Alder in South Africa is warranted.…”

Section: Environmental Impactsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Alnus glutinosa (Betulaceae) in South Africa: invasive potential and management options

Keet

Robertson

Richardson

2020

South African Journal of Botany

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Invasive alien plants cause major environmental and economic impacts and preventing the establishment and spread of emerging invaders is crucial. Black Alder (Alnus glutinosa) is well established as a widespread invader in a number of countries, notably the USA and New Zealand, and was recently detected invading riparian ecosystems in South Africa's Western Cape Province. We review the introduction history, current distribution and invasion potential (via species distribution and risk analysis) of Black Alder in South Africa, collate information on its biology, environmental impacts and options for management from its native and invaded range, assess its potential range and management attempts in South Africa, and provide guidelines for effective management. Furthermore, correlative modelling predicted areas of the southern and eastern part of South Africa to have suitable environments for Black Alder establishment. However, water availability will likely limit the species to riparian areas, and areas where the annual rainfall exceeds 500 mm per annum. We estimated control costs to be minimum R 82 000 per month, and the vigorous resprouting nature of Black Alder and its riparian zone preferences presents large management challenges. We propose that Black Alder should be listed as Category 1a under the National Environmental Management: Biodiversity Act (NEMBA) in South Africa. We advise that riparian areas in particular be monitored closely to prevent Black Alder from becoming a widespread invader.

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Botanical gardens provide valuable baseline Phytophthora diversity data

Cited by 21 publications

References 46 publications

Botanical gardens as key resources and hazards for biosecurity

Botanical gardens as key resources and hazards for biosecurity

Urban environments harbor greater oomycete and Phytophthora diversity, creating a bridgehead for potential new pathogens to natural ecosystems

Alnus glutinosa (Betulaceae) in South Africa: invasive potential and management options

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